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Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the muscles of the upper arm?

A

Anterior compartment

  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • corachobrachialis

Posterior compartment
- triceps brachii

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2
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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3
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Brachial artery

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4
Q

What are the attachments of the biceps brachii?

A

Two heads;

  • long head attaches to supraglenoid tubercle
  • short head attaches to coracoid process
  • tendon inserts into radial tuberosity

As tendon enters forearm gives off bicipital aponeurosis which forms roof of cubital fossa

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5
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A

Supination of forearm

Also flexion of elbow and shoulder joints

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6
Q

What is the innervation of the biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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7
Q

What nerve root does the biceps tendon reflex test?

A

C6

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8
Q

What are the attachments of the corachobrachialis?

A

Lies deep to biceps brachii

  • coracoid process of scapula, passes through axilla, medial side of humeral shaft
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9
Q

What is the function of corachobrachialis?

A

Flexion of shoulder

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10
Q

What is the innervation of corachobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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11
Q

What are the attachments of brachialis?

A

More distal than other anterior compartment muscles, deep to biceps brachii

Medial and lateral humeral shaft to ulnar tuberosity

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12
Q

What is the function of brachialis?

A

Flexion of elbow

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13
Q

What is the innervation of brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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14
Q

What are the attachments of triceps brachii?

A

Medial head is deep to and covered by the other two

Origination

  • long head; infraglenoid tubercle
  • lateral head; humerus superior to radial groove
  • medial head; humerus inferior to radial groove

Insertion;
- converge onto one tendon and insert into olecranon of ulna

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15
Q

What is the function of triceps brachii?

A

Extension of elbow

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16
Q

What is the innervation of triceps brachii?

A

Radial nerve

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17
Q

What root does the triceps tendon reflex test?

A

C7

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18
Q

What connects the radius and ulna?

A

Interosseous membrane - fibrous joint

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19
Q

What are the flexors of the wrist?

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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20
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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21
Q

What are the muscles in the first layer in the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)

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22
Q

What muscles make up the second layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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23
Q

What muscles make up the third layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)

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24
Q

What muscles make up the distal third layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus

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25
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
``` Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Anconeus ```
26
What are the attachments of the anconeus?
Origin; lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion; lateral surface of olecranon
27
What is the innervation of the anconeus muscle?
Radial nerve (C7-C8)
28
What is the blood supply of the anconeus muscle?
posterior interosseous recurrent artery
29
What are the actions of the anconeus?
Assist in forearm extension at elbow Stabilisation of elbow
30
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Sartorius Pectineus Quadriceps femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus intermedius - vastus medialis - rectus femoris
31
What is the innervation of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
32
What are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?
AKA the hip adductors ``` Gracilis Obturator externus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus ```
33
What is the innervation of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
34
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
AKA the hamstrings Lateral to Medial - biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus
35
What is the innervation of the soleus?
Ventral rami of S1 and S2
36
What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius?
Ventral rami of S1 and S2
37
What is the innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve *all by tibial part except lateral head of biceps femoris which is common fibular part
38
What is the innervation of the glutes?
Gluteus maximus; inferior gluteal nerve Gluteus medius and minimis; superior gluteal nerve
39
What are the muscles of the anterior leg?
Tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius
40
What is the innervation of the anterior leg muscles?
Deep fibular nerve
41
What are the muscles of the posterior leg?
Superficial - soleus - gastrocnemius - plantaris Deep - popliteus - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus
42
What is the innervation of the muscles in the posterior leg?
Tibial nerve
43
What are the ligaments of the hip joint?
Intracapsular - ligamentum teres Extracapsular - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral - iliofemoral
44
Bones of the hip joint and articulating surfaces
Femur: Femoral head Pelvis: Acetabulum
45
What movement(s) does the gracilis muscle facilitate?
Hip adduction Aids knee flexion
46
What movement(s) does the obturator externus facilitate?
External rotation of femur when hip in neutral position Hip adduction when hip flexed
47
What movement(s) does the adductor brevis facilitate?
Hip adduction Also flexion and medial rotation of thigh
48
What movement(s) does the adductor magnus facilitate?
Hip adduction
49
What movement(s) does the adductor longus facilitate?
Hip adduction
50
What movement(s) does the pectineus facilitate?
Flexion of hip Also aids in hip adduction and medial rotation of femur
51
What movement(s) does the sartorius facilitate?
A synergist muscle; all actions are weak Hip: flexion, adduction and lateral rotation Knee: flexion, medial rotation when knee flexed
52
What movement(s) does the quadriceps femoris facilitate?
Extensor of knee Flexion of hip
53
What movement(s) does the biceps femoris facilitate?
Knee flexion External and internal rotation Hip extension
54
What movement(s) does the semitendinosus facilitate?
Knee flexion Hip extension
55
What movement(s) does the semimembranosus facilitate?
Knee flexion Hip extension
56
What movement(s) does the gluteus maximus facilitate?
Hip extension, external rotation, abduction (superior part) and adduction (inferior part)
57
What movement(s) does the tibialis anterior facilitate?
Foot dorsiflexion and inversion
58
What movement(s) does the extensor digitorum longus facilitate?
Extension of toes, dorsiflexion of foot
59
What movement(s) does the extensor hallucis longus facilitate?
Extends big toe and dorsiflexes foot Also assists in foot eversion and inversion
60
What movement(s) does the fibularis tertius facilitate?
Weak dorsiflexion and eversion at ankle
61
What movement(s) does the gastrocnemius facilitate?
Plantar flexion ankle Flexion of knee
62
What movement(s) does the soleus facilitate?
Plantar flexion ankle
63
What movement(s) does the plantaris facilitate?
Weak plantar flexion ankle and flexion knee
64
What movement(s) does the popliteus facilitate?
Helps leg unlock from straight position by flexing and internally rotating knee joint
65
What movement(s) does the tibialis posterior facilitate?
Inversion ankle Assists in plantar flexion ankle
66
What movement(s) does the flexor hallucis longus facilitate?
Plantar flex and invert ankle joint
67
What movement(s) does the flexor digitorum longus facilitate?
Plantar flex and invert ankle joint
68
What dermatome supplies the thumb?
C6
69
What dermatome supplies the index and middle fingers?
C7
70
What dermatome supplies the ring and little fingers?
C8
71
What area does C5 supply?
Shoulder and anterior arm/forearm
72
What area does T1 supply?
Axilla and anterior arm/forearm
73
What are the groups of axillary lymph nodes?
1. Anterior/pectoral group 2. Posterior/subscapular group 3. Apical group 4. Central group 5. Lateral group The axillary lymph nodes drain all lymph from the arms
74
What makes up the acromioclavicular joint?
The acromion of the scapula and the clavicle (lateral part)
75
What is the conoid tubercle?
Attachment point for the conoid tubercle on the clavicle, which binds the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula
76
What are the features of the scapula?
``` Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine of scapula Supraspinous and infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Medial and lateral border Inferior and superior angle Supra and infra-glenoid tubercles ```
77
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
78
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
79
What muscles are involved in elevation of scapula?
Levator scapulae Upper fibres of trapezius Rhomboid major and minor
80
What muscles are involved in depression of scapula?
Pectoralis major and minor Lower fibres of trapezius Latissimus dorsi Serratus anterior
81
What muscles are involved in protraction of the scapula?
``` Serratus anterior (main function) Pectoralis major and minor ```
82
What muscles are involved in retraction of the scapula?
Trapezius (middle fibres) | Rhomboids
83
What muscles are involved in upward/lateral rotation of the scapula?
Trapezius (upper fibres) | Serratus anterior
84
What muscles are involved in downward/medial rotation of the scapula?
Levator scapulae Rhomboids Pectoralis minor
85
What is the glenoid labrum?
Rim of cartilage surrounding the glenoid cavity (socket) of the shoulder joint
86
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
deepens glenoid cavity, increases surface of shoulder joint
87
What are the ligaments of the shoulder joint?
``` Acromioclavicular Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular Coracohumeral Glenohumeral ligaments (strengthen anterior joint capsule) ```
88
What does the coracohumeral do?
Strengthens the superior aspect of the joint capsule
89
What makes up the coracoacromial arch?
Inferior aspect of the acromion Coracoid process of scapula Coracoacromial ligament
90
What is the function of the coraco-acromial arch?
Prevents superior displacement of the humeral head
91
Which bursa communicates with the shoulder joint cavity?
Subscapular
92
What is the role of subacromial bursa?
reduce friction
93
What movement do anterior fibres of deltoid generate?
Flexion and medial rotation of shoulder joint
94
What movement do middle fibres of deltoid generate?
Abduct shoulder joint
95
What movement do posterior fibres of deltoid generate?
Extend and laterally rotate shoulder joint
96
What nerve supplies the deltoid?
Axillary nerve
97
What movement does pectoralis major generate on the shoulder?
flexion, extension, adduction and medial rotation
98
Which vein is located in the deltopectoral triangle?
Subclavian vein; used for insertion of central lines
99
What is the nerve supply of serratus anterior?
long thoracic nerve
100
What clinical sign is seen if long thoracic nerve is damaged?
scapular winging
101
What movements of the shoulder does teres major generate?
Medial rotation Adduction Extension
102
What movements of the shoulder does latissimus dorsi generate?
Adduction Extension Internal rotation
103
What muscles are responsible for flexion of the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Corachobrachialis
104
What muscles are responsible for extension of the shoulder joint?
Latissimus dorsi posterior deltoid Teres major
105
What muscles are responsible for adduction of shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi corachobrachialis
106
What muscles cause abduction of the shoulder joint?
Middle part of deltoid | Infraspinatus
107
What muscles cause medial rotation of shoulder joint?
Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major Teres major
108
What muscles cause lateral rotation of shoulder joint?
Teres minor | Infraspinatus
109
What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, 6, 7
110
From which cord of brachial plexus does musculocutaneous nerve arise?
Lateral cord
111
Where does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensation to?
Lateral forearm *as it enters forearm it becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
112
What cords form the median nerve?
lateral cord and medial cord
113
What forms the borders of the cubital fossa?
Base is an imaginary line drawn between the two epicondyles Medial border formed by pronator teres Lateral border formed by brachioradialis
114
What is the root value of the radial nerve?
C5, 6, 7, 8 and T1
115
What is the characteristic sign of radial nerve injury?
wrist drop
116
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial hinge
117
What are the articular parts of the elbow joint?
``` Trochlea (medial) Capitulum (lateral) Trochlear notch Coronoid process Olecranon process Head of radius ```
118
What are the ligaments of the elbow joints?
Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament | Lateral (radial) collateral ligament
119
Which ligament holds the head of the radius?
Annular ligament
120
What are the flexors of the elbow joint?
Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis
121
What are the extensors of the elbow joint?
Triceps brachii | Anconeus
122
What type of joint are the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Both synovial pivot
123
What muscles cause supination of the radio-ulnar joint?
Biceps brachii | Supinator muscle
124
What muscles cause pronation of the radio-ulnar joint?
Pronator teres | Pronator quadratus
125
Which muscle is the most powerful supinator of the forearm?
Biceps brachii
126
Which muscle is the most powerful pronator of the forearm?
Pronator teres
127
On which phalanx are the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis inserted?
intermediate
128
What nerve innervates FDS?
median nerve
129
What is the nerve supply to the FDP?
Medial half - ulnar nerve Lateral half - median nerve
130
What nerve innervates the flexor pollicis longus?
median nerve
131
What nerve innervates pronator quadratus?
Median nerve
132
where is the median nerve in relation to the brachial artery within the cubital fossa?
Lateral to it
133
Which muscles in the forearm are not supplied by the median nerve?
Flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus
134
How does the median nerve enter the hand?
Passes deep to the flexor retinaculum
135
How does the ulnar nerve enter the forearm?
Passes between the heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
136
Where is the ulnar nerve in relation to the ulnar artery?
Medial
137
What are the terminal branches of the brachial artery?
Radial and ulnar artery
138
At what part of the radius does the brachial artery divide into two?
Head of radius
139
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve 4 tendons of FDS 4 tendons of FDP 1 tendon of FPL
140
Where is the carpal tunnel?
Located deep to the flexor retinaculum between the scaphoid and the trapezium on the lateral side and the pisiform and hamate on the medial side
141
What are the carpal bones?
Two rows; Proximal lat to medial - Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Distal lat to medial - Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Some lovers try positions that they can't handle
142
which muscle is continuous with the palmar fascia?
Palmaris longus
143
What are the five compartments for the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
1) thenar compartment 2) hypothenar compartment 3) Adductor compartment 4) Lumbricals and long flexor tendons (central compartment) 5) interosseous compartment
144
What are the thenar muscles?
Responsible mainly for thumb movement Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens brevis Adductor pollicis
145
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Medial side of palm Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digit minimi
146
What nerve supplies sensation to the medial aspect of leg and foot?
Saphenous nerve
147
What nerve supplies sensation to the lateral aspect of poot and posterolateral leg?
Sural nerve
148
What nerve supplies sensation to the lateral thigh?
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
149
What nerve supplies sensation to the anterolateral leg and greater part of dorsum of foot?
Superficial fibular nerve
150
What is the innervation of pronator teres?
Median nerve
151
Other than flexing the wrist, what is the function of FCR and FCU?
FCR; abduction FCU; adduction
152
Which nerve innervates brachioradialis?
radial nerve
153
What is the function of brahioradialis?
elbow flexion
154
What does flexor digitorum superficialis do?
Flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints NOT distal interphalangeal joint as it does not cross this joint
155
What nerve innervates FDS?
median nerve
156
Where is flexor pollicis longus situated?
Deep layer anterior forearm Close to radius
157
Where is flexor digitorum profundus?
Deep layer anterior forearm Close to ulna
158
What joints does the FDP act on?
All joints
159
What is the nerve supply of FDP?
Medial half supplied by ulnar nerve and lateral half by medial nerve
160
Which nerve innervates FPL?
median nerve
161
Which muscle is continuous with the fascia on the palm?
PALMaris longus
162
What are the compartments for the muscles of the hand?
5 compartments - thenar compartment - hypothenar compartment - lumbricals and long flexor tendons; central compartment - interosseous compartment
163
What are the thenar muscles?
Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
164
What is the function of APB?
abduction thumb
165
What is the function of FPB?
flexion thumb
166
What is the function of opponens pollicis?
flexion thumb
167
What is the innervation of the thenar muscles?
median nerve C567
168
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi
169
What nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?
ulnar nerve C8 T1
170
What are the two heads of the adductor pollicis?
Transverse head | Oblique head
171
What are the lumbrical muscles?
Four earthworm like muscles forming central compartment
172
From what long flexor tendons do the lumbricals originate?
Flexor digitorum profundus
173
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joint and simultaneously extend interphalangeal joint of 2nd to 5th digits
174
What is the innervation of the lumbricals?
Medial two by ulnar nerve Lateral two by median nerve
175
What are the interossei?
Muscles present between the metacarpal bones 4 dorsal and 3 palmar
176
What is the action of the interossei?
DAB; Dorsal ABduct fingers | PAD; Palmar ADDuct fingers
177
Which nerve innervates the interossei?
ulnar
178
What artery is the main contributor to superficial palmar arch?
ulnar artery
179
What artery is main contributor to deep palmar arch?
Radial artery
180
What is the nerve supply of the hand?
Medial and ulnar nerve supply muscles radial nerve doesn't supply muscles but does supply skin on dorsal aspect
181
What is the nerve supply to the skin of the hand?
Palmar; lateral - median nerve, medial - ulnar nerve Dorsal; pinky and part ring finger - ulnar nerve, fingertips up to half of ring finger and thumb tip - median nerve, lateral part - radial nerve
182
What are the bones of the hand?
Four nearest arm then four further away Some lovers try positions, that they can't handle Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform ^this is the way they appear on the hand (scaphoid is above radius)
183
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Synovial condyloid
184
Which structure forms the proximal part of the wrist joint?
Radius
185
What is the combined action of FCU and ECU on the wrist joint?
Adduction OR Cause ulnar deviation
186
Which muscles are responsible for the abduction of the wrist joint?
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
187
How do the ulnar artery and nerve enter the hand?
Above flexor retinaculum
188
What is the function of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?
Extension and abduction
189
what is the common extensor origin?
lateral epicondyle
190
what is the common flexor origin?
medial epicondyle
191
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior forearm?
radial nerve
192
Function of extensor digitorum
extend medial four digits at MCP joints
193
Function of extensor carpi radialis longus
extend wrist | Abduct hand
194
Function of extensor carpir radialis brevis
Extend wrist | Abduct hand
195
Function of brachioradialis
Flexion forearm at elbow
196
Function of extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and adducts wrist
197
Function of supinator muscle
supination
198
Function of extensor digiti minimi
extends fifth finger at MCP joint
199
What is the nerve supply to the supinator muscle?
Radial nerve
200
Where does the radial nerve divide?
Cubital fossa Divides into superficial and deep branches Deep branch aka posterior interosseous nerve Superficial is sensory and distributed to skin on dorsum of hand
201
What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?
Laterally; APB and EPB Medially; EPL
202
What is the anatomical snuff box?
shallow depression on lateral aspect of wrist when thumb fully extended
203
Which bones can be felt in the floor of the snuff box?
scaphoid | trapezium
204
Which artery lies on floor of snuff box?
radial artery
205
What is the main action of extensor pollicis longus?
Extension thumb
206
What is the main action of extensor pollivis brevis?
Extension thumb MCPJ
207
What is the function of abductor pollicis longus?
Abduction thumb
208
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatous Infraspinatous Teres minor Subscapularis
209
What is the innervation of teres major?
lower subscapular nerve
210
What is the innervation of teres minor?
Axillary nerve
211
What is the innervation of supraspinatous?
Suprascapular nerve
212
What is the innervation of infraspinatous?
Suprascapular nerve
213
What is the innervation of the subscapularis?
upper and lower subscapular nerves
214
What is the function of teres minor?
Lateral rotation of arm
215
What are the bones of the foot?
``` Calcaneous Talus (under tibia) Navicular (under talus) Cuneiform (under navicular - medial) Cuboid (lateral) ```
216
What type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints?
Synovial condylar
217
What type of joints are the carpometacarpal joints?
Synovial plane EXCEPT thumb is synovial saddle
218
What type of joint are the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Synovial condylar
219
What type of joint are the tarsometatarsal joints?
Synovial plane
220
What muscles does the common fibular nerve supply?
short head biceps femoris
221
What structures pass posteriorly to medial malleolus?
Tom Dick And very Nervous Harry ``` Tibialis posterior tendon flexor Digitorum longus Artery (post tibial) Vein (post tibial) Nerve (tibial) Hallucis longus ```

Anatomy (10 decks)

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