musculoskeletal conditions + drugs (final sg)

Question 1

osteoporosis

Answer 1

➺ poorly mineralized bone and increased risk of fractures due to alterations in bone microarchitecture
➺ old bone is being resorbed (minerals leaving the bones) faster than new bone can be made
➺ overall loss of bone mass + density

Question 2

osteoporosis treatment

Answer 2

➺ vitamin d + calcium supplements
➺ biphosphonates
➺ SERMS
➺ hormones (Calcitonin)

Question 3

biphosphonates

Answer 3

➺ *think -NATE / zoledronic acid
➺ indicated for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
moa: work by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption (enhances bone mineral density)
➺ strong evidence that they can reverse lost bone mass and reduce fracture risk

Question 4

biphosphonates contra + adverse effects

Answer 4

➺ contra: allergy, hypocalcemia, esophageal dysfunction, inability to sit / stand upright for 30 minutes after taking medications
➺ take with full glass of water
➺ adverse effects: headache, GI upset, joint pain

Question 5

biphosphonates interactions

Answer 5

➺ calcium supplements + antiacids interfere with absorption, need to be spaced 1-2 hours apart
➺ aspirin and NSAIDs have potential for additional GI upset

Question 6

calcitonin (moa, contra, interaction)

Answer 6

➺ indicated hormone therapy for treatment of osteoporosis
moa: directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption
➺ contra: drug allergy or salmon allergy
➺ interaction: calcium supplements (more likely to cause hypercalcemia)

Question 7

allopurinol

Answer 7

➺ antigout medication
➺ used to prevent uric acid production + prevent acute tumor lysis syndrome
➺ adverse effects: exfoliative dermatitis, SJ syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis

Question 8

osteomalacia

Answer 8

➺ inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid
➺ remodeling cycle proceeds through osteoid formation but calcification does not occur (SOFT BONES)
➺ results from vitamin d deficiency
➺ treated with vitamin supplements and exposure to sunlight

Question 9

osteomyelitis

Answer 9

➺ bone infection often caused by bacteria (S. aureus), but fungi, parasites, and viruses
➺ hematogenous: pathogens carried through bloodstream from things like cutaneous, sinus, ear, or dental infections
➺ insidious onset with vague symptoms
➺ can be contagious spreading from bone to bone
➺ can result in necrosis

Question 10

osteomyelitis symptoms

Answer 10

➺ fever
➺ malaise
➺ anorexia / weight loss
➺ low-grade fever
➺ lymphadenopathy
➺ pain
➺ chills
➺ pus from wounds

Question 11

osteomyelitis treatment

Answer 11

➺ antifungal / antibiotic
➺ needle aspiration of pus
➺ debridement
➺ surgery
➺ hyperbaric oxygen therapy