pneumonia and upper respiratory infections (final sg)

Question 1

pneumonia and its types

Answer 1

➺ lower respiratory tract infection
➺ can be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, and parasites
➺ types:
1.) community acquired (occurs outside of healthcare facility)
2.) hospital associated (occurs 48 hours into admission)
3.) ventilator associated
➺ most common bacteria behind pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae; can also be caused by S. aureus

Question 2

what is used to treat pneumonia?

Answer 2

➺ third generation cephalosporins

Question 3

sinusitis

Answer 3

➺ infection of the sinuses and nose membranes
➺ sinus cavities fill with fluid, causing edema + obstruction which bacteria
➺ acute (often with URI / allergic reaction), subacute, chronic ( > 12 weeks)
➺ can be viral (5-7 days) or bacteria (4 weeks)
➺ can be related to allergies, deviated septum, or children in pre-K / daycare

Question 4

sinusitis symptoms

Answer 4

➺ headache
➺ facial pressure / pain
➺ edema
➺ ear pain
➺ sore throat
➺ purulent nasal drainage

Question 5

sinusitis treatment

Answer 5

➺ antimicrobial agents (amoxicillin, clauvulanate)
➺ ampicillin
➺ third generation cephalosporins
➺ decongestants
➺ antihistamines
➺ saline sprays
➺ mucolytic

Question 6

potential sinusitis complications

Answer 6

➺ meningitis
➺ inc. intracranial pressure
➺ brain abscess

Question 7

antitussives

Answer 7

➺ opioid (codeine + hydrocodone) and non-opioid
➺ used to suppress the cough reflex

Question 8

antitussive contraindications

Answer 8

➺ allergy
➺ opioid dependency
➺ respiratory depression
➺ benzonatate: caution in patients with productive cough
➺ dextromethorphan: hyperthyroidism, cardiac + vessel disease, HTN, glaucoma, MAOI use within the 14 days
➺ codeine + hydrocodone: alcohol, CNS depression, respiratory depression, inc. intracranial pressure, impaired renal / liver function, BPH, COPD