Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
skeleton
A
- 206 bones in adult
- provides shape and support
- protects vital organs
- works with muscle for movement
- storage of minerals (Ca2+, PO43-)
- contains blood cell-producing marrow
2
Q
axial skeleton
A
- 80 bones
- forms central supporting axis of body
- protects brain, spinal cord, and organs of thoracic cavity
3
Q
what makes up axial skeleton
A
- ) hyoid bones
- ) bones of skull
- ) vertebral column
- ) thoracic cage- ribs/sternum
4
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- 126 bones
- important for movement and support
5
Q
what makes up appendicular skeleton
A
- ) bones of upper/lower limbs
2. ) pectoral and pelvic girdles
6
Q
function of girdles
A
-anchor that attach the appendicular portion to the axial skeleton
7
Q
pectoral girdle
A
- where humerus inserts/attaches
- includes clavicle and scapula
8
Q
pelvic girdle
A
- where femur inserts
- includes hip bones
9
Q
classification of bones by shape
A
- ) long
- ) short
- ) flat
- ) irregular
- ) sesamoid
10
Q
long bones
A
- length greater than width
- includes…
1. ) legs and arms
2. ) hands and feet
3. ) fingers and toes
11
Q
short bones
A
- more or less cuboidal
- length ~ width
- include
1. ) wrist and ankle
2. ) patella
12
Q
flat bones
A
- ) sternum
- ) scapulae
- ) ribs
- ) most skull bones
13
Q
irregular bones
A
- ) vertebrae
- ) pelvis
- ) some skull (ethmoid, sphenoid)
14
Q
sesamoid bones
A
- bones that develop within tendons
- patella is largest
- smaller ones in hands and feet
15
Q
tendon
A
-attaches muscle to bone
16
Q
ligament
A
-attaches bone to bone
17
Q
articulations
A
- processes forming joints
1. ) condyle
2. ) facet
3. ) head
18
Q
condyle
A
-round knob that articulates with another bone
Ex: occipital condyles of skull
19
Q
facet
A
- smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface
- Ex: articular facets of vertebrae
20
Q
head
A
- prominent expanded end of bone
- sometimes rounded
- Ex: head of femur
21
Q
extensions and projections
A
- sites of muscle and ligament attachment
1. ) crest
2. ) epicondyle
3. ) line
4. ) process
5. ) protuberance
6. ) spine
7. ) trochanter
8. ) tubercle
9. ) tuberosity
22
Q
crest
A
- narrow ridge
- Ex: iliac crest of pelvis
23
Q
epicondyle
A
- expanded region superior to condyle
- Ex: medial epicondyle of femur
24
Q
line
A
- slightly raised, elongated ridge
- Ex: nonchal lines of skull
25
process
- any bony prominence
| - Ex: mastoid process of skull
26
protuberance
- bony outgrowth or protruding part
| - Ex: mental protuberance of chin
27
spine
- sharp, slender, or narrow process
| - Ex: mental spines of mandible
28
trochanter
-two massive processes unique to femur
29
tubercle
- small, rounded process
| - Ex: greater tubercle of humerus
30
tuberosity
- rough elevated surface
| - Ex: tibial tuberosity
31
depressions
1. ) alveolus
2. ) fossa
3. ) fovea
4. ) sulcus
32
alveolus
- pit or socket
| - ex: tooth socket
33
fossa
- shallow, broad, or elongated basin
| - ex: mandibular fossa
34
fovea
- small pit
| - ex: fovea capitis of femur
35
sulcus
- groove for tendon, nerve, or blood vessel
| - ex: intertubercular sulcus of humerus
36
passages, openings, and cavities
1. ) canal
2. ) fissure
3. ) foramen
4. ) meatus
5. ) sinus
37
canal
- tubular passage or tunnel in bone
| - ex: auditory canal
38
fissure
- slit through a bone
| - ex: orbital fissure behind eye
39
foramen
- hole through a bone, usually round
| - ex: foramen magnum of skull
40
meatus
- opening into canal
| - ex: external acoustic meatus of ear
41
sinus
- air-filled space in bone
| - ex: frontal sinus of forehead
42
skeletal muscle
- attached to different bone at each end, spanning at least one joint
- can ONLY pull
- what one group does, another group can undo
- when shortens insertion moves toward origin
43
insertion
- muscle attachment to movable bone
| - generally distal attachment site
44
origin
- fixed or immovable point of muscle attachment
| - generally proximal attachment site
45
agonist (prime mover)
- muscle that has major responsibility for producing a specific movement
- produces the most force during action
46
synergist
- muscle(s) that help prime mover by adding extra force for movement
- can also reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement that might occur as prime mover contracts
47
agonist of elbow flexion
- bicep
| - tricep is antagonist
48
agonist of elbow extension
- tricep
| - bicep is antagonist
49
fixator
- muscle that prevents a bone from moving
- holds bone in place, so another muscle attached to same bone origin can pull on something else
- ex: rhomboids anchor scapula to vertebral column when biceps brachii contract
50
antagonist
- muscle that opposes or reverses action of prime mover
- prime mover contracts -> antagonist extends or contract slightly to limit speed/range of prime mover
- prevent excessive movement, joint injury, or inappropriate actions
51
direct muscle attachments
- little discernible separation between muscle and bone
| - epimysium of muscle is fused to periosteum of bone
52
aponeurosis muscle attachment
-broad, tendon sheet attaching certain muscle
53
retinaculum muscle attachment
-band of connective tissue covering groups of tendons on their way to attach bones
54
joint
-articulation site- where two bones meet
55
what bone articulates here
-what forms the joint there
56
bony joints
- aka: synostoses (sing: synostosis)
| - where there used to be two bones and now there is one bone b/c space was filled with bone
57
examples of bony joints
- infant L/R frontal and mandibular bones joined, so now one solid bone
- sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (4 fused)
- closing of growth plate
58
suture fibrous joints
- bones interlock
- only have skull sutures
- short collagen fibers
59
gomphosis fibrous joints
- joint between a tooth and jaw bone
| - interlock
60
syndesomoses fibrous joints
- bones don't interlock
- longer collagen fibers- slightly movable
- radius/ulna
- distal tibia/fibula
61
cartilaginous joints
- aka amphiarthroses
- bones are united by CARTILAGE
- lack a joint cavity
62
synchondrosis cartilage joint
- bone united by HYALIN CARTILAGE
- costal cartilages
- epiphyseal plate (children)
63
symphyses cartilaginous joint
- bones connected by flat disc of FIBROCARTILAGE
- intervertebrate discs
- pubic symphysis- between hip bones
64
epiphyseal plate
- growth plate in long bones of children
- in a child, layer of cartilage between top and bottom sections of long bone and bone
- adult has bones jointed together by bone (bony joint)- now epiphyseal line
65
costal cartilages
- synchondrosis cartilaginous joint between ribs and sternum
| - hyalin cartilage
66
function cartilaginous joint
- resist compression
| - shock absorbers
67
synovial joints
- diarthroses (movable joints)
- most movable joint in body (degree varies)
- each contains fluid-filled joint cavity
- only joint that has a joint capsule
68
simple synovial joint
- have just two articulating surfaces
| - one bone-joint-another bone
69
compound synovial joint
-more than two articulating surfaces
Examples
1.) Elbow- radius, ulna, and radius
2.) knee- femur, tibia, patella
70
synovial joint functions
-movement
71
fibrous capsule
- outer-most part of synovial joint capsule
- hold everything in
- fuses with periosteum
72
periosteum
covering over bone
73
synovial membrane
- inner layer of synovial joint capsule
- makes synovial fluid
- has macrophages to keep debris out
74
joint cavity
- inside synovial membrane
| - contains synovial fluid
75
synovial fluid
- consistency of egg white
- made of albumin (protein substance)
- crucial for lubricating joint- reduces friction
- also provides nourishment for articular cartilages and removes their waste
76
articulate cartilage
- hyalin cartilage
- covers articulating bones
- does NOT connect the bones, so not a cartilaginous joint
77
relationship between articular cartilage and synovial fluid
- when you move the joint heats synovial fluid
- articular cartilage sucks up fluid and squeezes it out upon impact
- provides constant nourishment for articular cartilage
78
Tendon
- attaches muscle to bone
- usually span a joint and cause movement at that joint
- fuses into periosteum
- can also go into bone matrix
79
tendon functions
- participate in movement
| - most important in stabilizing a joint
80
ligament
-attaches bone to bone
81
ligament functions
- joint stability
- more ligament, more stable the joint
- knee hasa bunch
82
intracapsular ligaments
-join bones inside joint capsule
83
extracapsular ligaments
-join bones outside capsule
84
bursa
- fluid filled-sack (similar to synovial fluid)
- between bone and tendon
- between muscles
- reduces friction
85
tendon sheath
- tendon wrapped in connective tissue
| - hand and foot
86
meniscus
- cartilage pad between two bones for cushion
- provides structural integrity
- absorbs stress
- in knee- one on each side
87
articular disk
- pad of cartilage that goes all the way across the joint in the cavity
- jaw
- ends of clavicle
- ulna and carpal bones
88
stability of synovial joint depends on
1. ) nature of articular surface
| 2. ) strength, number, tautness of ligaments
89
nature of articular surface
- shapes of articular surfaces determine what movements are possible
- hip ball in socket -> lots of mobility
- knee has less mobility
90
strength, number, tautness of ligaments
- ligaments unite the bones
- help direct bone movement
- and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
91
muscle tone
- muscle tendons that cross the joints are the most important stabilizing factor
- tendons are kept taut at all times by tone of the muscles
- muscle tone extremely important in reinforcing the knee and shoulder joints
92
zero positon of joints
-anatomical position
93
shoulder flexion
-lift arms up
94
hyper extension
- beyond extension
| - bringing arm behind you
95
abduction
-away from midline
96
adduction
-toward midline
97
flexion
-decrease angle between 2 bones
98
extension
-increase angle between 2 bones
99
elevation
- move to superior position
| - shrugging shoulders
100
depression
-moving toward inferior position
101
supination
- rotate forearm laterally
| - palms forward
102
pronation
- rotate forearm medially
| - palms back
103
inversion
-lift medial border of foot
104
eversion
-lift lateral border of foot
105
dorsiflexion
-move top of foot toward the shin
106
plantar flexion
-move sole of foot downward with toes pointing
107
circumduction
- circular rotation of articulation around a stationary point (360 degrees)
- arm circle
- have fixed point that you are moving 360 degrees around
- can make 360 degree circle at hip
108
rotation
- movement around a long axis
- if "rotating around rod"
- twisting back
- shaking head
- pronate and supinate alternating
109
retraction
- movement posteriorly horizontally
- when stand up straight after slumping
- pectoral girdles
- jawbone
110
protraction
- moving anteriorly horizontally
- slumping shoulders
- pectoral girdles
- jawbone
111
opposition
- thumb to fingers
| - grasping
112
reposition
-returning to zero position after opposition
113
lateral/medial excursion
- sideways movement
- wiggling hips side to side
- not raising arms
114
neck flexion
-chin to chest
115
neck hyper extension
-look at sky
116
muscle crossing anterior side of a joint
- causes flexion
| * except knee and ankle
117
muscle crossing posterior side of a joint
- causes extension
| * except knee and ankle
118
muscle crossing lateral side of joint
- causes abduction
| - Ex: deltoid
119
muscle crossing medial side of joint
-causes adduction
120
knee and ankle exception
- muscles causing flexion/extension on the opposite side as other synovial joints
- flexion caused by posterior muscle
- extension caused by anterior muscle
121
plane (gliding) joint
- synovial
| - carpal/tarsal bones
122
hinge joint
- synovial
| - ulna and humerus
123
pivot joint
- synovial
| - radius and ulna
124
condylar joint
- synovial
| - knuckles- two flat articulations
125
saddle joint
- synovial
| - base of thumb and metacarpal
126
ball-and-socket joint
- synovial
| - humerus and scapula
127
types of synovial joint
- named based on what articular surface looks like
1. ) plane
2. ) pall and socket
3. ) hinge
4. ) pivot
5. ) saddle
6. ) condylar
128
uniaxial joint
- joint can only move in one direction/plane
| - Ex: knee
129
biaxial joint
-joint can move in two planes
| Ex: thumb can move forward and back and side to side
130
multiaxial joint
- joint can move in all 3 planes
| - only shoulder and hip are multiaxial
131
add/abducting
-movement in frontal plane
132
synarthrosis
-fibrous joint
133
diarthroses
-movable joints
134
amphiarthroses
-cartilaginous joints
135
flexion/extension
-movement in sagittal plane
136
swiping from side to side
-movement in transverse plane
137
synostosis
-bony joint
138
fibrous joint
- aka: a synarthrosis
- bones at joint are connected by collagen fibers (strong, flexible, no stretch)
- don't have joint cavity
- most are immovable or only slightly movable (depending on collagen length)
- function to hold 2 bones together
