Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

structure of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

bone, ligaments, cartilage

Question 2

functions of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 2

support, protection, movement, storage-minerals reserves (ca2+). blood cell production (R&W)

Question 3

how the muscular system supports the skeletal system.

Answer 3

-provides movement and support.
-stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass.
-stabilises bone positions and joints.

Question 4

how the skeletal system supports the muscular system

Answer 4

-maintains normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids and enables muscular endurance.
-supports skeletal muscles.
-provides sites of attachment.

Question 5

effect of age on the human body-heart

Answer 5

-reduced cell number of cardioyocytes and sinoatrial. 53,54
-decreased strength and elasticity of cardiac walls. 53,54.

Question 6

Brain

Answer 6

-brain volume (5)
deterioration of myellin sheath(12).
-temporal lobe(9).
-hippocampus volume (9)

Question 7

lungs

Answer 7

-reduced cough strength(35,36).
-reduced ability of cilla. lining (upper and lower) (37).
-decrease in alveolus elasticity (38,39).
- increase in alveolus size (38-39)

Question 8

Gastrointestinal

Answer 8

-Decreased Microbiome Diversity(46,47).
-Reduced Gut Motilly (48).
-loss of intestinal barrier integrity 48).

Question 9

musculoskeletal

Answer 9

-increased brittleness: change in bone mineral density and protein matrix (20-22)
-decline muscle mass and formation (24-25)
-decrease of fast myosin fibres Accumulation of fat tissues (27-29).

Question 10

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Answer 10

1-Osteo=bone
2-Penia=lacking
3-porosis=full of holes

Question 11

Sarcopenia

Answer 11

1-Sarco=muscle
2-Penia=lacking
3-Atrophy=wastage (of body tissue or organ)

Question 12

muscles shapes-determines

Answer 12

-degree of contraction.
-force generation.

Orientation of the fasciculi-
1-pennate( feather)
2-parallel
3-convergent
4-circular

Question 13

muscles shapes 2

Answer 13

Nomenclature
1-location-(pectoralis=chest)
2-size (minimus=small)
3-shape (deltoid=triangle)
4-orientation(rectus=straight)
5-origin and insertion (brachioradialis=brachium(origin) and radius (insertion)
6-number of heads (origin) biceps=two.
7-function (abducts=moves away from midline)