Musculoskeletal system and movement

Question 1

What’s involved in the muscular system?

Answer 1

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

Question 2

What’s involved in the skeletal system?

Answer 2

Bones
Cartilage
Joints

Question 3

What the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 3

Support, protection, movement, storage, haematopoeisis

Question 4

Name the five classifications of bone

Answer 4

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 5

Give an example of a long bone

Answer 5

Bones in the thigh and arm

Question 6

Give an example of a short bone

Answer 6

Bones in the wrist and foot

Question 7

Give an example of a flat bone

Answer 7

Bones in the skull vault

Question 8

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 8

The pelvis

Question 9

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 9

The patella

Sesamoid bones are bones that are found in tendons

Question 10

What’s the name of the solid outer layer of bone?

Answer 10

Compact or cortical bone

Question 11

What’s the name of the internal region of bone?

Answer 11

Trabecular or spongy or cancellous bone.

Question 12

Why does the spongy bone have a honeycomb like structure?

Answer 12

It means that bones remain relatively light

Question 13

What can the skeleton be split up into?

Answer 13

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleten

Question 14

List the components of the axial skeleton

Answer 14

Skull
Vertebral column
Body thorax

Question 15

List the components of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 15

Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

Question 16

Name the two regions of the skull

Answer 16

Viscerocranium (skeleton of the face)

Neurocranium (skeleton of the head and cranial vault)

Question 17

Functions of the skull

Answer 17

Entry of food and oxygen into the body
Protects brain
Supports organs of special senses

Question 18

Name the five regions of the vertebral column

Answer 18

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Question 19

How many vertebrae do mammals have in their neck?

Answer 19

7. They are just bigger or smaller depending on the mammal.

Question 20

What does the body thorax consist of?

Answer 20

Ribs and sternum

Question 21

What are the functions of the body thorax?

Answer 21

Muscle attachment
Protects thoracic organs
Respiration

Question 22

Main function of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 22

Main contributors to locomotions

Question 23

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 23

The scapula and the clavicle

Question 24

What are some of the adaptations of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 24

The clavicle is missing in large herbivores to permit grazing and is fibrous in cats to help distribute forces associated with pouncing and landing

Question 25

What's the main bone in the pelvic girdle?

Answer 25

The pelvis

Question 26

What are the main functions of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 26

The pelvic girdle provides the socket for the ball and socket joint of the hip (at the acetabulum). It is also adapted for childbearing / reproduction

Question 27

Describe the arrangement of bones in mammalian limbs

Answer 27

One proximal bone, then two in the forearm/leg, and then a combination of short and long bones forming a hand/foot

Question 28

Plantigrade locomotion

Answer 28

Plantigrade locomotion means walking with the toes and metatarsals flat on the ground, e.g. humans, bears

Question 29

Digitigrade locomotion

Answer 29

Digitigrade locomotion means walking on the toes with the heel and wrist permanently raised e.g. cats, dogs

Question 30

Unguligrade locomotion

Answer 30

Unguligrade locomotion means walking on the nail or nails of the toes (the hoof) with the heel/wrist and the digits permanently raised. e.g. pigs, horses

Question 31

Define the term 'hematopoiesis'

Answer 31

The production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.

Question 32

Name the different types of joints

Answer 32

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 33

Briefly describe fibrous joints

Answer 33

They are fixed, with no joint cavity. The bones are connected by dense connective tissue

Question 34

Give an example of a fibrous solid joint

Answer 34

Joint of fibula and tibia

Question 35

Briefly describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 35

Again, they don't have a joint cavity, but there is slight mobility. This is because the bones are connected by cartilage.

Question 36

Give an example of a cartiliganous joint

Answer 36

manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the sternum)

Question 37

Briefly describe synovial joints

Answer 37

There's a joint cavity, allowing the joint to be mobile. The bones are connected by ligaments surrounding the joint capsule

Question 38

Give examples of synovial joints

Answer 38

Ball and socket joints | Hinge joints

Question 39

List the functions of the muscular system

Answer 39

Body movement Posture Production of body heat Vital functions

Question 40

How do muscles attach to bones?

Answer 40

Tendons and dense regular connective tissue

Question 41

Where is most of the skeletal muscle tissue found?

Answer 41

In the muscle belly

Question 42

Briefly describe tendons

Answer 42

Connect muscle to bone Rich in collagen Can be cylindrical or flat

Question 43

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 43

A flat sheet or ribbon of tendon-like material that anchors a muscle or connects it with the part that the muscle moves. The aponeurosis is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, and bundles of collagenous fibres in ordered arrays.

Question 44

What do ligaments do?

Answer 44

They connect bone to bone, which stabilises joints

Question 45

Different shapes of muscles

Answer 45

There are a number of different muscle shapes within the body including circular, convergent, parallel, pennate and fusiform

Question 46

What happens to the length of a muscle as it contracts?

Answer 46

As a muscle contracts it gets shorter

Question 47

What does a muscle need to attach to in order to move a joint?

Answer 47

For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of the joint

Question 48

What do antagonist muscles when the prime movers contract?

Answer 48

They relax

Question 49

What are prime movers?

Answer 49

They cause the movement to occur. They create the normal range of movement in a joint by contracting.

Question 50

What do antagonist muscles do?

Answer 50

These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.

Question 51

Isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 51

These contractions involve a change in muscle length. Concentric is muscle shortening, eccentric is muscle lengthening

Question 52

Isometric muscle contraction

Answer 52

Some contractions occur when the length stays the same – this is what happens when you carry your shopping home and your muscles get tired.

Question 53

What are the different muscle fibre types?

Answer 53

Fast twitch | Slow twitch

Question 54

Describe fast twitch muscle fibres

Answer 54

They do the fast contractions, but are quick to fatigue

Question 55

Describe slow twitch muscle fibres

Answer 55

They do the slower contractions, but take longer to fatigue

Question 56

What is locomotion?

Answer 56

Movements of organisms to propel themselves from one place to another. Including walking/running, swimming, flying.

Question 57

What is gait?

Answer 57

The pattern of steps / foot contacts with the floor during locomotion One cycle = one complete use of all limbs before repeating a pattern