Musculoskeletal System Vocab Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is a Bone head?
A
Rounded end of a bone
2
Q
What is a Condyle?
A
Rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone
3
Q
What is an Epicondyle?
A
Small rounded process above (epi- means above) the condyle
4
Q
What are Trochanters?
A
Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur
5
Q
What is a Tuberosity (tubercle)?
A
Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneous (heel bone), and pelvis
6
Q
What is a fissure?
A
A narrow groove or slit-like opening.
7
Q
What is a foramen?
A
An opening for blood vessels and nerves.
Example: Foramen magnum of the skull (Figure 15-4)
8
Q
What is a fossa?
A
A shallow cavity in or on a bone.
Example: Olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus (Figure 15-2)
9
Q
What is a sinus?
A
A hollow cavity within bone.
Example: Sinuses of the skull (Figure 15-6)
10
Q
What is the function of the Ethmoid bone?
A
Supports nasal cavity and eye sockets
11
Q
What does the Frontal bone form?
A
Forehead; part of eye sockets
12
Q
Where is the Occipital bone located?
A
Back and base of skull
13
Q
What do the Parietal bones form?
A
Top and sides of skull
14
Q
What is the shape and location of the Sphenoid bone?
A
Base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone)
15
Q
Where are the Temporal bones found?
A
Lower sides and back of skull
16
Q
What are the lacrimal bones?
A
Small bones located in the corners of each eye.
17
Q
What is the mandible?
A
The lower jawbone.
18
Q
What are the maxillae?
A
The upper jawbones.
19
Q
What are the nasal bones?
A
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
20
Q
What is the vomer?
A
A thin, flat bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
21
Q
What are the zygomatic bones?
A
The cheekbones.
22
Q
What does the nasal septum consist of?
A
A thin, flat bone that divides the nasal cavity.
23
Q
A
24
Q
Acetabulum
A
Hip socket
25
Calcaneus
Heel bone
26
Carpals
Wrist bones
27
Clavicle
Collarbone
28
Coccyx
Tailbone
29
Cranium
Skull
30
Femur
Thigh bone
31
Fibula
Smaller of the two lower leg bones
32
Humerus
Upper arm bone
33
Ilium
Upper part of pelvis
34
Ischium
Inferior or lower part of the pelvis
35
Malleolus
Ankle
36
Mandible
Lower jawbone
37
Maxilla
Upper jawbone
38
Metacarpals
Hand bones
39
Metatarsals
Foot bones
40
Olecranon
Tip of the elbow
41
Patella
Kneecap
42
Phalanges
Finger and toe bones
43
Pubis
Anterior part of the pelvis
44
Radius
Forearm bone-thumb side
45
Scapula
Shoulder blade
46
Sternum
Breastbone
47
Tarsals
Hindfoot and midfoot bones
48
Tibia
Shinbone-larger of the two lower leg bones
49
Ulna
Forearm bone-little finger side
50
Vertebra
Backbone/spine
51
52
What is the acetabulum?
Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint.
53
What is the acromion?
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
54
What is bone?
Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella).
55
What is a bone depression?
Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. Examples are fissure, foramen, fossa, and sinus.
56
What is a bone process?
Enlarged area that extends from bones; sometimes covered in articular cartilage (examples: bone head, condyle) and sometimes serving as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments (examples: epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity).
57
What is calcium?
One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
58
What is cancellous bone?
Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.
59
What is cartilage?
Flexible, connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces (articular cartilage).
60
What is collagen?
Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin.
61
What is compact bone?
Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones.
62
What are cranial bones?
Skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.
63
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft, or midportion, of a long bone.
64
What is a disc?
Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure between two vertebrae.
65
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.
66
What is an epiphysis?
Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.
67
What are facial bones?
Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic.
68
What is a fontanelle?
Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant.
69
What is the foramen magnum?
Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
70
What are haversian canals?
Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
71
72
What is a ligament?
Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones. Ligaments are bands, sheets, or strands located in and around joints.
73
What is a malleolus?
Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.
74
What is the manubrium?
Upper portion of the sternum; joins with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint.
75
What is the mastoid process?
Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
76
What is the medullary cavity?
Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.
77
What is the metaphysis?
Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate.
78
What is the olecranon?
Large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow.
79
What is an orthopedist?
Medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions.
80
What is osseous tissue?
Bone tissue.
81
What is ossification?
Process of bone formation.
82
What is an osteoblast?
Bone cell that helps form bony tissue.
83
What is an osteoclast?
Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.
84
What is the periosteum?
Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.
85
What is phosphorus?
Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium.
86
What is a physiatrist?
Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation.
87
What is the pubic symphysis?
Junction of the two pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis, joined by a fibrocartilaginous disc.
88
What is red bone marrow?
Soft spongy tissue found in the interior of flat bones; site of hematopoiesis.
89
What are ribs?
Twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8 to 10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.
90
What is the sella turcica?
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
91
What is a sinus?
Hollow air cavity within a bone.
92
What is the styloid process?
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull.
93
What is a suture?
Immovable joint between bones, such as the skull.
94
What is the temporomandibular joint?
Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw.
95
What is a tendon?
Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.
96
What are trabeculae?
Supporting latticework of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.
97
What is a vertebra?
Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina.
98
What is the xiphoid process?
Lower, narrower portion of the sternum.
99
What is yellow bone marrow?
Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones.
100
What is articular cartilage?
Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints.
101
What is articulation?
Any type of joint.
102
What is a bursa?
Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.
103
What is a ligament?
Fibrous, connective band binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.
104
What is a meniscus?
Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint (such as the knee).
105
What is a suture joint?
Immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull.
106
What is the synovial cavity?
Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.
107
What is synovial fluid?
Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white; this accounts for the origin of the term (syn- = like, ov/o = egg).
108
What is a synovial joint?
Freely movable joint.
109
What is the synovial membrane?
Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.
110
What is a tendon?
Fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones.
111
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body.
112
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline of the body.
113
What is dorsiflexion?
Upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion.
114
What is extension?
Straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
115
What is fascia?
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
116
What is flexion?
Bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones.
117
What is the insertion of a muscle?
Connection of muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton.
118
What is the origin of a muscle?
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton.
119
What is plantar flexion?
Downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion.
120
What is pronation?
Turning the palm downward.
121
What is rotation?
Circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is toward the center of the body. External rotation is away from the center of the body.
122
What is striated muscle?
Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle.
123
What is supination?
Turning the palm upward.
124
What is visceral muscle?
Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle.
125
What does the antinuclear antibody test (ANA) detect?
It detects an antibody often present in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases.
126
What does the C-reactive protein test (CRP) measure?
It measures levels of a protein made by the liver.
## Footnote
High levels indicate infection or chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
127
What does the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measure?
It measures the time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube.
## Footnote
Elevated ESR is associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, tumors, and infections.
128
What does the rheumatoid factor test (RF) measure?
It tests serum for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
129
What does the serum calcium (Ca) test measure?
It measures the calcium level in serum.
## Footnote
Hypercalcemia may be caused by parathyroid gland disorders and malignancy affecting bone metabolism. Hypocalcemia is seen in critically ill patients with burns, sepsis, and acute renal failure.
130
What does the serum creatine kinase (CK) test measure?
It measures the creatine kinase level in serum.
## Footnote
This enzyme is present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, rhabdomyolysis, and traumatic injuries.
131
What does the uric acid test measure?
It measures the uric acid level in serum.
## Footnote
High levels are associated with gouty arthritis.
132
What is arthrocentesis?
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.
## Footnote
Synovial fluid is removed for analysis using a needle and syringe.
133
What is arthrography?
Taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.
134
What is arthroplasty?
Surgical repair or replacement of a joint.
## Footnote
It can be used in conjunction with MRI and CT scan images.
135
What is total hip arthroplasty (THR)?
Replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened into the bone.
136
What is involved in a total knee replacement (TKR)?
A metal prosthesis covers the end of the femur and a component made of metal and plastic covers the top end of the tibia.
## Footnote
See pre 591 for a clinical case describing TKR.
137
What is total shoulder arthroplasty?
Replacement of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint) with a metal and plastic prosthesis.
138
What is primary total shoulder arthroplasty (PTSA)?
The humeral head is replaced with a metal prosthesis and the glenoid is resurfaced with a plastic liner that is cemented into position.
139
What is reverse total shoulder arthroplasty?
Surgery with reverse prostheses that can lessen shoulder pain and improve function in shoulders after failed surgery or in combined arthritis, rotator cuff tears, and instability.
140
What is arthroscopy?
Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor. An orthopedist passes small surgical instruments into a joint (knee, shoulder, ankle, wrist, hip) to evaluate and/or remove and repair damaged tissue while viewing the joint simultaneously with a scope.
141
What is a bone density test?
Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass. An x-ray detector measures how well x-rays penetrate through bones.
142
What do areas of decreased bone density indicate?
Areas of decreased density indicate osteopenia and osteoporosis. Also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA).
143
What is a bone scan?
Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone; also called bone scintigraphy.
## Footnote
After a radioactive tracer is injected intravenously into the patient, a nuclear medicine technician uses a special scanning device to detect areas of increased uptake (found with tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures).
144
What does computed tomography (CT) do?
X-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues.
## Footnote
CT scans identify bone abnormalities and musculoskeletal trauma.
145
What is discography?
X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disc).
146
What is electromyography (EMG)?
Recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue.
147
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
Strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body.
## Footnote
MRI shows soft tissue conditions in greater detail than that achieved with CT.
148
What is a muscle biopsy?
Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease.
149
What is musculoskeletal ultrasound?
Ultrasonic waves are used to image muscles, tendons, and joints.
## Footnote
Often used for accuracy with joint injections and to image torn muscles and tendons.
