Mutations

Question 1

What are the types of frameshift mutations?

Answer 1

deletion
addition
duplication
translocation

Question 2

What is a translocation mutation?

Answer 2

bases become separated from DNA sequence on one chromosome and are inserted into the DNA sequence on another chromosome

Question 3

What are the types of mutation?

Answer 3

Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

Question 4

What is an inversion mutation?

Answer 4

bases are removed from DNA then rejoin in the same location in reverse order

Question 5

What are 3 causes of gene mutations?

Answer 5

chemical mutagens
ionising radiation
spontaneous errors

Question 6

What are 2 examples of chemical mutagens?

Answer 6

• alcohol
• benzene
• tar in tobacco

Question 7

What are 2 examples of ionising radiation?

Answer 7

• alpha
• beta
• X-rays
• UV

Question 8

How might a mutation be neutral?

Answer 8

• occurs in non-coding introns
• silent mutation
• change in tertiary structure does not impact the organism

Question 9

What is a mutation?

Answer 9

a change in the structure or quantity of DNA

Question 10

Why does changing a base have a big impact?

Answer 10

• impacts primary structure
• difference in the bonds formed and their position
• impacting tertiary structure
• As these are specific it can cause them to become non-functioning

Question 11

What is a silent mutation?

Answer 11

a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence, these happen because DNA is degenerate

Question 12

Why might a mutation not lead to an inactive protein?

Answer 12

• the change in base sequence might code for the same amino acid as before
• because DNA is degenerate
• so tertiary structure is not changed

Question 13

What are the possible effects of base substitution/base inversion?

Answer 13

• no change as same amino acid is coded for
• different amino acid coded for, could potentially lead to an inactive protein
• stop codon forms, stopping the production of a polypeptide without it being complete

Question 14

What is a gene mutation?

Answer 14

a change or rearrangement in the order of bases in DNA

Question 15

What is the impact of a base deletion?

Answer 15

• frame shift left; so triplets from that point onwards are impacted and read differently
• code for different amino acids
• so different primary and tertiary structure

Question 16

What is the impact of a base addition/duplication?

Answer 16

• frame shift left; so triplets from that point onwards are impacted and read differently
• code for different amino acids
• so different primary and tertiary structure

Question 17

What are the impacts of base translocation?

Answer 17

significant impacts on the phenotype