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Cytogenetics > Mutations, Recombination, and DNA Repair > Flashcards

Mutations, Recombination, and DNA Repair Flashcards

1
Q

result of changes in the mRNA codon nucleotide sequence.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Mutation

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2
Q

Mutation results from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. True or False

A

True

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3
Q

alteration of the genetic information that is passed on during transcription

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Mutation

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4
Q

Shift the reading frame of the entire DNA chain after the mutation

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Frameshift Mutation

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5
Q

The loss of a single base either spontaneously or due to damage

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Deletion Mutation

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6
Q

Acridine intercalates between adjacent DNA nitrogen bases and gets read by RNA polymerase causing the addition of extra bases into the new mRNA

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Insertion Mutation

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7
Q

To occur when DNA
polymerase synthesizes new DNA slips on the template DNA strand, effectively missing a nucleotide.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Deletion Mutation

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8
Q

It includes deletion mutation and insertion mutation

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Frameshift Mutation

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9
Q

An intercalated molecule may cause DNA Polymerase to copy the molecule as an extra-base pair

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Insertion Mutation

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10
Q

the frame of the triplet reading during translation is altered.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Frameshift Mutation

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11
Q

Larger strands of DNA can undergo a __________ during crossing-over, which takes place in meiosis.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Deletion Mutation

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12
Q

will occur when any number of bases are added or deleted, except multiples of three, which will reestablish the initial reading frame

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Frameshift Mutation

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13
Q

only 1 nucleotide is changed

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Point Mutation

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14
Q

Has 2 types: Transition and Transversion

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Point Mutation

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15
Q

When a purine is substituted by a purine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Transition

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16
Q

Substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Transversion

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17
Q

When a pyrimidine is substituted by a pyrimidine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Transition

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18
Q

Substitution of a pyrimidine for a purine

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Transversion

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19
Q

Change codon to another for the same amino acid, so it has no effect

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Silent Mutation

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20
Q

Change codon to a stop codon and terminates synthesis

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Nonsense Mutation

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21
Q

Changes codon to another codon for a different amino acid. If the new amino acid is similar to the old one, the synthesized protein might function

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Missense Mutation

22
Q

Example: UGG (Try) to UGA (stop)

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Nonsense Mutation

23
Q

changes the nucleotide, but the triplet still codes for the same amino acid

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Silent Mutation

24
Q

arises when a base pairs with an inappropriate partner during DNA replication

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Point Mutation

25
Q

no effect on the final protein product

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Silent Mutation

26
Q

Example: UUC (Phe) to UUA (Leu )

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Missense Mutation

27
Q

Example: UUU ( Phe) to UUC ( Phe)

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Silent Mutation

28
Q

Result in the creation of a new
triplet that codes for a different amino acid in the protein product.

CHOICES:
Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Transition, Transversion, Nonsense Mutation, Point Mutation, Missense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Deletion Mutation, Insertion Mutation

A

Missense Mutation

29
Q

DNA encodes the cell genome and is, therefore, a permanent copy of a structure necessary for the correct functioning of a cell. True or False

A

True

30
Q

Damage to DNA is caused by the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide bases during DNA replication and can be caused by several factors such as the environment. True or False

A

True

31
Q

___________ of DNA damage is a mechanism of repair that does not require a template and is applied to two main types of damage.

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

Direct reversal

32
Q

________ induces the formation of pyrimidine dimers which can distort the DNA chain structure, blocking transcription beyond the area of damage.

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

UV light

33
Q

a direct enzymatic in situ reversal of dimerized pyrimidines in a DNA strand.

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

photoreactivation

34
Q

Direct reversal through photosynthesis can inverse this dimerization reaction by utilizing light energy for the destruction of the abnormal covalent bond between adjacent pyrimidine bases. True or False

A

False - photoreactivation

35
Q

________ of guanine bases produces a change in the structure of DNA by forming a product that is complementary to thymine rather than cytosine.

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

Methylation

36
Q

The protein _____________ can restore the original guanine by transferring the methylation product to its active site

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT)

37
Q

Once the alkyl group is transferred to the enzyme, this enzyme becomes inactivated

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

suicide enzyme

38
Q

The general mechanism by which repairs are made when one of the double helix strands is damaged.

CHOICES:
suicide enzyme, methyl guanine methyltransferase (MGMT), photoreactivation, UV light, Direct reversal, Acetylation, Methylation, Excision

A

Excision

39
Q

used as a template with the damaged DNA on the other strand removed and replaced by the synthesis of new nucleotides.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

non-defective strand

40
Q

involves the recognition and removal of a single damaged base.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Base Excision Repair

41
Q

used to repair the formation of pyrimidine dimers from UV light within humans.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

42
Q

occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Mismatch Repair

43
Q

for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

44
Q

The repair of damage to both DNA strands is particularly important in maintaining genomic integrity

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Mismatch Repair

45
Q

requires a family of enzymes called glycosylases.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Base Excision Repair

46
Q

The process involves the recognition of damage which is then cleaved on both sides by endonucleases before resynthesis by DNA polymerase.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

47
Q

The enzymes remove the damaged base forming an AP site which is repaired by AP endonuclease before the nucleotide gap in the DNA strand is filled by DNA polymerase.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Base Excision Repair

48
Q

involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Homologous Recombination

49
Q

connects the break ends without a homologous template through the use of short DNA sequences called microhomologies.

CHOICES:
Classical nonhomologous end joining, Homologous Recombination, Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, Mismatch Repair, non-defective strand

A

Classical nonhomologous end joining

50
Q

Studies have also found that single-strand breaks can be repaired through alternative mechanisms such as single-stranded annealing and alternative joining during certain conditions. True or False

A

False - double strand

51
Q

Alternative joining has an undefined mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks but is known to risk genomic integrity by joining end breaks on different chromosomes. True or False

A

True

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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