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Cytogenetics > Inheritance: Basic Laws and Test Cross > Flashcards

Inheritance: Basic Laws and Test Cross Flashcards

1
Q

Tests can sometimes predict

the risk of developing symptoms. True or False

A

True

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2
Q

patterns in which single-gene traits and disorders occur in families.

CHOICES:
autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, Modes of inheritance, Mendel’s Experiment

A

Modes of inheritance

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3
Q

Huntington’s disease is

autosomal recessive. True or False

A

False - autosomal dominant

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4
Q

Cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

It affects both sexes and appears in every generation

CHOICES:
autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, Modes of inheritance, Mendel’s Experiment

A

autosomal dominant

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6
Q

It affects both sexes and can skip generations through a carrier

CHOICES:
autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, Modes of inheritance, Mendel’s Experiment

A

autosomal recessive

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7
Q

Described the units of inheritance and how they pass from generation to generation

CHOICES:
autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, Modes of inheritance, Mendel’s Experiment

A

Mendel’s Experiment

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8
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance
explain trait transmission in
any haploid species. True or False

A

False - diploid species

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9
Q

Mendel conducted experiments from 1857 to 1863 on traits in 24, 034 plants. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Parental generation

A

P1

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11
Q

First filial generation

A

F1

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12
Q

Second filial generation

A

F2

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13
Q

Offspring that have the same trait as parents.

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

True-breeding

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14
Q

The observed trait

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

dominant

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15
Q

The masked trait

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

recessive

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16
Q

Monohybrid cross follows one trait. True or False

A

True

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17
Q

Mendel’s idea that elementen separate in the gametes.

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Law of segregation

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18
Q

Experiments confirmed that
hybrids ____________ of a trait, which reappears when hybrids are self-crossed

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

hide one expression

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19
Q

carry same alleles TT or tt

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Homozygous

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20
Q

carry different alleles Tt

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Heterozygous

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21
Q

Organism’s alleles

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Genotype

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22
Q

The outward expression of an allele combination

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Phenotype

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23
Q

Most common phenotype

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

Wild Type

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24
Q

a dominant mutation arose anew

CHOICES:
de novo, Wild Type, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Law of segregation, recessive, dominant, True-breeding, hide one expression, Genotype, Phenotype

A

de novo

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25
Q

A variant of a gene’s expression arises when the gene undergoes mutation.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

Mutant phenotype

26
Q

Two copies of a gene separate with the homologs that carry them when a gamete is produced.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

Law of Segregation

27
Q

Represents how genes in gametes join if they are on different chromosomes.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

Punnett Square

28
Q

Single-gene disorders are common. True or False

A

False - rare

29
Q

Phenotypes associated with single genes are influenced by other genes and environmental factors. True or False

A

True

30
Q

An individual with two different recessive alleles for the same gene

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

compound heterozygote

31
Q

Crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual is called a _______

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

test cross

32
Q

Mendel’s first law addresses traits and illnesses caused by single genes, which are also called ________ or monofactorial.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

Mendelian

33
Q

A single gene on chromosome 15, _________, confers eye color by controlling melanin synthesis.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

OCA2

34
Q

A person must inherit two copies of the recessive allele in _______ to have blue eyes.

CHOICES:
Mutant phenotype, Punnett Square, compound heterozygote, test cross, OCA2, HERC2, Mendelian, Law of Segregation

A

HERC2

35
Q

The passing of a trait depends on whether the determining gene is on an autosome or on a sex chromosome and allele is recessive or dominant. True or False

A

True

36
Q

_________ are rules that explain the common patterns of single-gene transmission and are derived from Mendel’s laws.

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Modes of inheritance

37
Q

_________ can be dominant or recessive.

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal inheritance

38
Q

Can skip generations

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal Recessive

39
Q

Successive generations are affected until no one inherits the mutation.

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal Dominant

40
Q

Affected individual has parents who are affected or are carriers (heterozygotes)

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal Recessive

41
Q

Affected individual has an affected parent, unless he or she has a de novo mutation

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal Dominant

42
Q

Conditions likely to occur in families with consanguinity

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Autosomal Recessive

43
Q

due to “loss of function.”

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Recessive traits

44
Q

arise from “gain of function.”

CHOICES:
Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Recessive traits, Dominant traits, Modes of inheritance

A

Dominant traits

45
Q

Recessive disorders tend to be severe and produce symptoms earlier than dominant disorders. True or False

A

True

46
Q

The inheritance of one does influence the chance of inheriting the other. True or False

A

False - does not influence

47
Q

Considers two genes on different chromosomes.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Law of Independent Assortment

48
Q

Two genes that are far apart on the same chromosome appear to _______

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

independently assort

49
Q

The likelihood that an event will occur.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Probability

50
Q

probability of simultaneous independent events equals the product of their individual probabilities.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Product rule

51
Q

Predicts the chance of parents with known genotypes to produce offspring of a particular genotype.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Product rule

52
Q

symbolic representations of family relationships and the transmission of inherited traits

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Pedigrees

53
Q

Pedigrees help families to identify the risk of transmitting an inherited illness. True or False

A

True

54
Q

Deficiency in melanin production

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Albinism

55
Q

extra fingers and/or toes

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Polydactyly

56
Q

Albinism is an

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Autosomal Recessive Trait

57
Q

Polydactyly is an

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Autosomal Dominant Trait

58
Q

can account for either an autosomal dominant or an autosomal recessive trait.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Inconclusive Pedigree

59
Q

Passed in an autosomal dominant mode.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Inconclusive Pedigree

60
Q

apply Mendel’s laws to predict the recurrence risks of inherited conditions.

CHOICES:
independently assort, Product rule, Albinism, Polydactyly, Autosomal Recessive Trait, Autosomal Dominant Trait, Inconclusive Pedigree, Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Probability, Law of Independent Assortment

A

Pedigrees and Punnett squares

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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