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Cytogenetics > Cell Division and Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Division and Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Also called body cells

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Somatic Cells

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2
Q

Sperm and Egg cell

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Germ Cells

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3
Q

Diploid cells that
divide to give rise to differentiated cells

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Stem Cells

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4
Q

Have two copies of the genome (diploid)

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Somatic Cells

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5
Q

Have one copy of the genome (haploid)

A

Germ Cells

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6
Q

a series of events that cells go through as they grow

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Cell Cycle

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7
Q

An adult human consists of about _________ Cells and billions are replaced daily.

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

30 Trillion

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8
Q

Form of cell death
that is a normal part of growth and development

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

Division of DNA and
rest of the cell

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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10
Q

the sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and undergoes division

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, 30 Trillion, 60 Trillion, Germ Cells, Somatic Cells, Stem Cells, Interphase

A

Cell Interphase

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11
Q

Microscopically cells are quiet

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

Interphase

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12
Q

a cell can exit the cell cycle at G1 Phase to enter a quiet phase called ________

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G0

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13
Q

Protein Synthesis, Lipids, and Carbohydrates

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G1 Phase

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14
Q

Replication of Chromosomes

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

S Phase

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15
Q

Chromosomes are not visible and Active protein synthesis

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

Interphase

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16
Q

DNA replication and Mitosis

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G2 Phase

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17
Q

Will contribute to building the extra plasma membrane required to surround the two new cells that form from the original one

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G1 Phase

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18
Q

Cell replicates its entire genome

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

S Phase

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19
Q

A cell in ________ is alive and maintains its specialized characteristics but does not replicate its DNA or divide. This cell can proceed to mitosis and divide or die.

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G0

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20
Q

Occurs after the DNA has been replicated but before mitosis begins

CHOICES:
G0, Interphase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase

A

G2 Phase

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21
Q

Microtubules form structures called ________

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

centrioles

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22
Q

the largest constriction in a chromosome, located at a specific site in each chromosome

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Centromere

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23
Q

a structure composed of microtubules that pulls sets of chromosomes apart in a dividing cell

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Spindle

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24
Q

maintains cellular organization and enable transport of substances within the cell

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Microtubules

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25
Q

a structure in cells that organizes microtubules into the mitotic spindle

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Centrioles

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26
Q

After the DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two copies of the genome joined at an area called the _________.

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

centromere

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27
Q

strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Chromatids

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28
Q

Division of a cell nucleus
during mitosis

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Karyokinesis

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29
Q

Only occurs in eukaryotes

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Mitosis

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30
Q

if a chromatid is attached at a centromere, they are called _________

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

sister chromatids

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31
Q

The space between sister chromatids is called a _______

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

furrow

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32
Q

Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically identical to the original cell.

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Mitosis

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33
Q

pair of centrioles surrounded by a halo of microtubules.

CHOICES:
Spindle, Microtubules, centromere, Chromatids, Karyokinesis, sister chromatids, furrow, Mitosis, foramen, Centrioles, Asters

A

Asters

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34
Q

Cells prepare to divide by tightly condensing their chromosomes

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

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35
Q

Attachment of chromosomes to spindle fiber forming a metaphase plate

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Metaphase

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36
Q

Centromeres divide

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Anaphase

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37
Q

Two daughter nuclei begin to
form in the cell

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

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38
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fivers becoming independent chromosomes

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Anaphase

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39
Q

Initiate mitotic spindle formation

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

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40
Q

Align along the cell’s equator

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Metaphase

41
Q

Spindle falls apart

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

42
Q

Chromosomes appear as long,
thin threads

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Prophase

43
Q

the two ends of the cell have an equivalent and complete collection of chromosomes

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Anaphase

44
Q

Chromosomes are at maximum contraction

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Metaphase

45
Q

Nucleolus appears

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

46
Q

Nuclear membranes form around the two sets of chromosomes

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

47
Q

cytokinesis occurs

CHOICES:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

A

Telophase

48
Q

Ensure that critical events in the DNA replication and chromosome segregation

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Cell Cycle Check Points

49
Q

made in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another part of the body.

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Hormone

50
Q

stimulates cell division in the skin beneath a scab

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Epidermal growth factor

51
Q

Ensures that all phases of the cell cycle are executed in the correct order

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes

52
Q

Lose 20-200 endmost bases after each cell division

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Telomeres

53
Q

After ______ divisions, shortened telomeres signal the cell to stop dividing

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

50

54
Q

Sperm, eggs, bone marrow, and cancer cells produce ________ that prevent shortening of telomeres

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

telomerase

55
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in G1

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Cdk4 & Cdk6

56
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in S-Phase

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Cdk2

57
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes in M-Phase

CHOICES:
Cell Cycle Check Points, Epidermal growth factor, Telomeres, telomerase, Cdk4 & Cdk6, Cdk2, Cdk1, 50, 30, 10, Cyclin-dependent kinases complexes, Hormone

A

Cdk1

58
Q

Failure of the Checkpoints may lead to mutations and genetic instability like cancer and birth defects. True or False

A

True

59
Q

A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, forming haploid gametes.

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Meiosis

60
Q

________ have the same genes in the same order but carry different alleles, or variants, of the same gene

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Homologous pairs

61
Q

Humans normally contain
______________ segments, which shuffles the genes and produces a recombination of genetic material

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

62
Q

Gametes are _______ and somatic cells are _______ for each chromosomes

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

haploid, diploid

63
Q

Provides genetic diversity which can enable a population to survive an environmental challenge

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Meiosis

64
Q

During meiosis gamete cells undergo a “_________”
maintaining the DNA but reducing the count to 23

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Double Division

65
Q

reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Meiosis I

66
Q

produces four haploid daughter cells

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

Meiosis II

67
Q

The pairing of homologous chromosomes lengthwise

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

synapsis

68
Q

As homologous chromosomes separate, points of interchange are temporarily united and form an X-like structure called ______

CHOICES:
Homologous pairs, 46 pairs of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes, haploid, diploid, Meiosis, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, synapsis, chiasma, Double Division

A

chiasma

69
Q

Mitosis provides constancy of the chromosome number generation to generation by reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, thereby producing haploid gametes. True or False

A

False - Meiosis

70
Q

Meiosis doesn’t allow a random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes between the gametes. True or False

A

False - it allows

71
Q

Homologs pair up and undergo crossing over

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase I

72
Q

Random alignment of chromosomes causes an independent assortment of the genes that they carry

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Metaphase I

73
Q

Homologs separate

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Anaphase I

74
Q

Move to opposite poles

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Telophase I

75
Q

Produces genetic recombination in the offspring

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase I

76
Q

nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cells into two.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Telophase I

77
Q

Paired homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Metaphase I

78
Q

Synapsed chromosomes separate but remain attached at a few points

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase I

79
Q

homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of cell

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Anaphase I

80
Q

Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle forms and fibers attach to both chromosomes.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase II

81
Q

synapsis and crossing over occurs

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase I (early)

82
Q

chromosomes condense, become visible.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase I (late)

83
Q

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Metaphase II

84
Q

Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of cell.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Anaphase II

85
Q

Nuclear envelopes assemble around two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cells.

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Telophase II

86
Q

marks the start of the second meiotic division

CHOICES:
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase I (late), Prophase I (early), Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

Prophase II

87
Q

A stem cell divides by _____

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

mitosis

88
Q

a cell whose descendants can follow any of several developmental pathways, but not all. They do not have the capacity for self-renewal.

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

Progenitor Cell

89
Q

Inner cell mass of very early embryo; somatic cell nuclear transfer into the egg cell

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

Embryonic Stem Cells

90
Q

Genes or other chemicals reprogram the somatic cell nucleus; no embryos required

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

Induced pluripotent Stem Cell

91
Q

Somatic cells that normally function as stem cells, from any stage of development from fertilized ovum through elderly

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

“Adult” Stem Cell

92
Q

Stem cells aids in the discovery and development of drugs. True or False

A

True

93
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

S Phase Interphase

94
Q

During what stage does the G1,S , and G2 phases happen?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

Interphase

95
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

M Phase

96
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

M Phase

97
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

S Phase

98
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

G1 Phase

99
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?

CHOICES:
G2 Phase, G1 Phase, Interphase, S Phase Interphase, “Adult” Stem Cell, Induced pluripotent Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cells, Progenitor Cell, M Phase, S Phase, mitosis, meiosis

A

G2 Phase

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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