Methods to study genes

Question 1

Biochemical methods are applied to the main chemical compounds of genetics —notably DNA, RNA, and protein. True or False

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A laboratory procedure that determines the order of bases in the genome of an organism in one process.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

Answer 2

Genome sequencing

Question 3

Who discovered genome sequencing?

CHOICES:
Frederick Sanger and his team, Arne Tiselius and his team

Answer 3

Frederick Sanger and his team

Question 4

Scientists add small pieces of DNA tags, or barcodes, to identify which piece of sheared DNA belongs to which bacteria.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

Answer 4

DNA bar-coding

Question 5

Scientists begin by using molecular scissors to cut the DNA, which is composed of millions of bases: A’s, C’s, T’s, and G’s, into pieces that are small enough for the sequencing machine to read.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

Answer 5

DNA shearing

Question 6

Scientists use computer analysis tools to compare bacterial sequences and identify differences. The number of differences can tell the scientists how closely related the bacteria are, and how likely it is that they are part of the same outbreak.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

Answer 6

Data analysis

Question 7

The bar-coded DNA from multiple bacteria is combined and put in the whole genome sequencer. The sequencer identifies the A’s, C’s, T’s, and G’s, or bases, that make up each bacterial sequence. The sequencer uses the bar code to keep track of which bases belong to which bacteria.

CHOICES:
Genome sequencing, DNA bar-coding, Data analysis, Whole-genome sequencing, DNA shearing

Answer 7

Whole-genome sequencing

Question 8

One of the advantages of whole-genome sequencing is an individual can create personalized plans to treat disease may be possible based not only on the mutant genes causing a disease, but also other genes in the patient’s genome. True or False

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Whole-genome sequencing allows genotyping cancer cells and understanding what genes are misregulated allows physicians to select the best chemotherapy and potentially expose the patient to less toxic treatment since the therapy is tailored. True or False

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The volume of information contained in a genome sequence is vast, hence whole-genome sequencing can be a disadvantage. True or False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

molecular photocopying that is used to amplify, copy - small segments of DNA.

Answer 11

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 12

In a typical PCR experiment, the target DNA is mixed with Taq polymerase, the two oligonucleotide primers, and a supply of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) in buffer. True or False

Answer 12

True

Question 13

used to diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, match criminals to crime scenes, and biotechnology.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 13

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 14

the process of heating and cooling two single-stranded oligonucleotides with complementary sequences.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 14

Annealing

Question 15

a process of separating dsDNA into single strands, which are favorable to DNA hybridization.

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 15

Denature

Question 16

achieved by using the loosened nucleotides of each base to grow the complementary DNA strand

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 16

Extension

Question 17

thermal denaturation of dsDNA at 94°C

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 17

Denature

Question 18

temperature is raised at 72-74°C just below the optimum of Taq polymerase

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 18

Extension

Question 19

temperature is decreased to 50-60°C which allows primers to attach to complementary sequences

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 19

Annealing

Question 20

Has 25-35 cycles

CHOICES:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Denature, Extension, Annealing

Answer 20

Annealing

Question 21

Most thermal cyclers can pause at 8°C indefinitely at the end of the cycles. True or False

Answer 21

False - 4°C

Question 22

The RNA molecule is converted to cDNA molecule and then utilized as template sequence for following PCR reaction

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 22

Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 23

developed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of PCR

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 23

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 24

accomplished by capturing or isolating each individual nucleic acid molecule present in a sample within many chambers, zones, or regions that can localize and concentrate the amplification product to detectable levels.

CHOICES:
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 24

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 25

utilized multiple primer sets in a single PCR reaction to produce amplicons with different sizes. CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 25

Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 26

nonspecific binding in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 26

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 27

capability to examine for different target genes and organisms by one PCR reaction CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 27

Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 28

developed to amplify RNA target CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 28

Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 29

evaluating the quantity of DNA and RNA molecules that exists in a sample CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 29

Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 30

Monitor the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR with the use of fluorescent dyes or fluorophore-containing DNA probes such as Taq man CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 30

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Question 31

the amplification reaction is monitored in “real-time.” CHOICES: Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Answer 31

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

Question 32

There are mainly two types of DNA analysis in qPCR. One is the dsDNA binding dye chemistry for both specific and nonspecific detection of amplified products, and the other is the fluorophore-linked probes for specific PCR product detection. True or False

Answer 32

True

Question 33

A method of separating electrically charged substances in a mixture CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 33

Electrophoresis

Question 34

Father of Electrophoresis CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 34

Arne Tiselius

Question 35

The matrix in which the biomolecules separation takes place CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 35

Supporting medium

Question 36

Conduct electricity by running buffer CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Soduim Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 36

Buffer system

Question 37

Separation is brought about through molecular sieving technique, based on the molecular size of the substances CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 37

Gel Electrophoresis

Question 38

Gel material acts as a “__________” CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 38

molecular sieve

Question 39

Most effective in separating DNA fragments of varying sizes from 100bp to 25kb CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 39

Agarose Gel

Question 40

The technique is widely used for separating proteins and nucleic acids CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 40

Gel Electrophoresis

Question 41

used for separating smaller nucleic acids and proteins CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 41

Polyacrylamide Gel

Question 42

An anionic detergent that breaks disulfide bonds and used for denaturing the proteins CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 42

Soduim Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE

Question 43

___________ structure held together by covalent cross-linking of Acrylamide and N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 43

Polyacrylamide Gel

Question 44

Is a linear carbohydrate polymer composed of repeating units of agarobiose, which consists of alternating units of galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose CHOICES: Frederick Sanger, Arne Tiselius, Supporting medium, molecular sieve, Gel Electrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PAGE, Agarose Gel, Polyacrylamide Gel, Agarose Gel, Buffer system, Electrophoresis

Answer 44

Agarose Gel

Question 45

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: A linear DNA fragment of a given size migrates at different rates through gels containing different concentrations of agarose CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 45

Agarose concentration

Question 46

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: Supercoiled circular DNA, relaxed circular DNA and linear DNA of the same molecular weight will migrate at different rates through the gel CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 46

DNA conformation

Question 47

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: The molecular size of nucleic acid is expressed in molecular weight equivalent to the number of bases/ base pairs in the molecule CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 47

Size of the molecule

Question 48

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: Dyes used to stain DNA in gels are usually intercalating agents and Addition to the gel may retard the rate of migration of the DNA CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 48

Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer

Question 49

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: Various types of agaroses are used for specialized applications CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 49

Types of agarose

Question 50

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: The rate of migration is proportional to the voltage applied, ↑voltage ↑rate of migration CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 50

Voltage applied

Question 51

Factors that Determine the Rate of Migration of a DNA molecule Through a Gel: The composition and ionic strength affects DNA mobility, If water electrical conductivity is minimal, then DNA will migrate slowly, However, if the ionic strength is higher (10X Buffer), then the electrical conductance is efficient CHOICES: Electrophoresis Buffer, Size of the molecule, DNA conformation, Agarose concentration, Presence of DNA stains in the gel electrophoresis buffer, Types of agarose, Voltage applied

Answer 51

Electrophoresis Buffer

Question 52

Gels that have a low melting temperature melts at 55 degrees celsius. True or False

Answer 52

False - 65 degrees celsius

Question 53

Standard gels melt at 90-95 degrees celsius. True or False

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Insertion of a fragment of RNA carrying genre into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning. True or False

Answer 54

False - Insertion of a fragment of RNA carrying genre into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning

Question 55

Gene cloning involves using viruses to make multiple copies of a gene. True or False

Answer 55

False - bacterias

Question 56

Southern and Northern blot hybridizations are used to hybridize a labeled probe to fractionated and immobilized DNA (Southern) or RNA (Northern). True or False

Answer 56

True

Question 57

A complex DNA sample is digested with restriction endonucleases. The resulting fragments are applied to an agarose gel and separated by size using electrophoresis. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 57

Southern blot hybridization

Question 58

A variant of Southern blotting in which the samples contain undigested RNA instead of DNA. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 58

Northern blot hybridization

Question 59

Is an immunoblotting technique which rely on the specificity of binding between a molecule of interest and a probe to allow detection of the molecule of interest in a mixture of many other similar molecules. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 59

Western blot

Question 60

uses samples of total RNA or purified poly(A)+ mRNA from tissues or cells of interest. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 60

Northern blot hybridization

Question 61

Used to identify target sequences that are similar but not identical to the gene used as a probe. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 61

Southern blot hybridization

Question 62

The principal use of this method is to obtain information on the expression patterns of specific genes. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 62

Northern blot hybridization

Question 63

the molecule of interest is a protein and the probe is typically an antibody raised against that particular protein. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 63

Western blot

Question 64

________ use a nylon or nitrocellulose membrane matrix onto which nucleic acid probes have been deposited. Samples are radioactively labeled and hybridized in parallel. Detection is best accomplished through phosphorimaging CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 64

Macroarrays

Question 65

___________ use a silicon or plastic matrix and a fluorescence-based labeling scheme in which both control and experimental samples are hybridized to the same array in a competitive manner. Fluorescent scanners are used for detection. CHOICES: Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, Western blot, Eastern blot, Microarrays, Macroarrays

Answer 65

Microarrays