Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Flashcards by Angelica Cejas

contains membrane-bound intracellular structures such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and for photosynthetic eukaryotes, chloroplasts.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

Eukaryotic cells

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help to maintain and manipulate the shape of the cell.

cytoskeletons

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Composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes.

Eukaryotic genome

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Histone proteins help with coiling. They are positively charged so they bind tightly to negatively charged DNA. True or False

True

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What level is made up of DNA wound twice around 8 histones (2 of each of 4 main types) with “linker” DNA between the beads.

1st level: Nucleosomes

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What level is made up of loops held in place by scaffolding (nonhistone) proteins.

3rd level: looped domains

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What level is made up of tightly wound coil of nucleosomes held in position by a first histone (H1).

2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber

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What level is made up of highly condensed, compact domains.

4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

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Cells must continually turn genes on and off in response to internal and external signals. True or False

True

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Expression of specific genes is most commonly regulated at ____________

transcription

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Proteins can bind DNA and either inhibit or facilitate the binding of ___________.

RNA polymerase

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Activator proteins and DNA- bending proteins help “enhancers” on the DNA initiate transcription. True or False

True

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Translation Initiation can be blocked by regulatory proteins. True or False

True

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Transposons were delivered by Barbara McClinton using Indian corn. True or False

False - Barbara McClintock

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Non-coding DNA sequences exert control over genes by jumping in or out of functional gene sequences, turning them on or off. True or False

True

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Viruses were first identified in __________ plants

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

tobacco

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The wide range of a virus indicates many host species. True or False

True

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Capsids are made from protein subunits called _________.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

capsomeres

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The capsid is formed from a repeating single type of protein with the overall shape of a rigid rod.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Helical Viruses

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Viruses with _________ structures are released into the environment when the cell dies, breaks down, and lyses, thus releasing the virions.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

icosahedral

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______________ consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Helical viruses

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The capsid is formed from 252 identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedron with 20 triangular facets

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Icosahedral Viruses

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The capsid is surrounded by a membranous envelope derived from the membranes of the host

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Influenza Viruses

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Viruses that infect bacteria

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages

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a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system CHOICES: tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Influenza

Complex capsids and have an elongated icosahedral head and an elaborate protein tail. CHOICES: tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages

poliovirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus CHOICES: tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Icosahedral Viruses

measles virus, mumps virus, rabies virus, and ebola virus CHOICES: tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

Helical viruses

Virus identifies host cell by lock and key fit with receptor molecules on the host cell. True or False

True

The viral genome enters the host via membrane fusion, endocytosis, or injection (depending on the type of virus). True or False

True

The viral genome produces amino acids that reprogram the cell to copy the viral genome and produce viral proteins using the host. True or False

False - proteins

Phages that can only replicate by lytic cycle are called ________. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

virulent

Rapid destruction of the host cell. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

lytic

The _______ cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

lysogenic

The _________ cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

lytic

Viral DNA integrates into host chromosomes (via crossing over), becomes a prophage and can reproduce (when a cell divides) without destroying cell. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

lysogenic

Phages that can replicate in both ways are called _______. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

temperate

Lysogenic viruses can become lytic in response to environmental triggers. True or False

True

bacteriophages transfer bacterial genes between hosts accidentally. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

Transduction

the direct transfer of genes via a pilus or “mating bridge CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

Conjugation

they carry resistance genes that code for enzymes that specifically destroy antibiotics. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

R plasmids

They also carry genes that code for pili to allow conjugation. CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

R plasmids

a primitive form of mating CHOICES: virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

Conjugation

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 1

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (positive-sense) CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 4

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 3

Positive-sense ssRNA reverse transcriptase viruses CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 6

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (negative-sense) CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 5

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 2

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reverse transcriptase viruses CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 7

Have circular genomes and replicate mostly within the nucleus by a rolling circle mechanism CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 2

Replicate in the core capsid in the host cell cytoplasm and do depend as heavily on host polymerases as DNA viruses. CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 3

The RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and then the DNA is spliced into the host genome for subsequent transcription and translation using the enzyme integrase. CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 6

They can be directly read by ribosomes to translate into proteins CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 4

It makes use of the host polymerases to replicate its genome and is therefore highly dependent on the host cell cycle. CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 1

They replicate via an ssRNA intermediate CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 7

They must be transcribed by a viral polymerase to produce a readable strand of mRNA CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 5

Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, and Parvoviridae CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 2

Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodviridae CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 5

Rheoviridae and Birnaviridae. CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 3

HIV, Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae. CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 6

Hepatitis B virus CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 7

Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, and Papoviridae CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 1

Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Astroviridae, and Picornaviridae CHOICES: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

Class 4

Viruses damage the animal cells by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from the cell’s lysosomes. True or False

True

Transduction is the uptake of naked, foreign DNA. True or False

False - Transformation

Many viruses have cell-surface proteins that recognize DNA from closely related species and transport it inside. True or False

False - Bacteria

A bacteria or prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosome (dsDNA) plus accessory genes carried on small circular capsules. True or False

False - carries on small plasmids

Besides mutations, there are 3 types of genetic recombination which increase genetic variation in bacteria. True or False

True

Bacterias reproduce rapidly: short life span = new mutations that can affect evolution quickly. True or False

True

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Flashcards

(70 cards)