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Cytogenetics > Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

contains membrane-bound intracellular structures such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and for photosynthetic eukaryotes, chloroplasts.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

help to maintain and manipulate the shape of the cell.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

cytoskeletons

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3
Q

Composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

Eukaryotic genome

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4
Q

Histone proteins help with coiling. They are positively charged so they bind tightly to negatively charged DNA. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

What level is made up of DNA wound twice around 8 histones (2 of each of 4 main types) with “linker” DNA between the beads.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

1st level: Nucleosomes

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6
Q

What level is made up of loops held in place by scaffolding (nonhistone) proteins.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

3rd level: looped domains

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7
Q

What level is made up of tightly wound coil of nucleosomes held in position by a first histone (H1).

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber

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8
Q

What level is made up of highly condensed, compact domains.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

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9
Q

Cells must continually turn genes on and off in response to internal and external signals. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Expression of specific genes is most commonly regulated at ____________

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

transcription

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11
Q

Proteins can bind DNA and either inhibit or facilitate the binding of ___________.

CHOICES:
Eukaryotic cells, transcription, RNA polymerase, cytoskeletons, Eukaryotic genome, 1st level: Nucleosomes, 2nd level: 30nm chromatin fiber, 3rd level: looped domains, 4th level: chromosomes are visible during mitosis

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

Activator proteins and DNA- bending proteins help “enhancers” on the DNA initiate transcription. True or False

A

True

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13
Q

Translation Initiation can be blocked by regulatory proteins. True or False

A

True

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14
Q

Transposons were delivered by Barbara McClinton using Indian corn. True or False

A

False - Barbara McClintock

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15
Q

Non-coding DNA sequences exert control over genes by jumping in or out of functional gene sequences, turning them on or off. True or False

A

True

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16
Q

Viruses were first identified in __________ plants

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

tobacco

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17
Q

The wide range of a virus indicates many host species. True or False

A

True

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18
Q

Capsids are made from protein subunits called _________.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

capsomeres

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19
Q

The capsid is formed from a repeating single type of protein with the overall shape of a rigid rod.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Helical Viruses

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20
Q

Viruses with _________ structures are released into the environment when the cell dies, breaks down, and lyses, thus releasing the virions.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

icosahedral

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21
Q

______________ consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Helical viruses

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22
Q

The capsid is formed from 252 identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedron with 20 triangular facets

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Icosahedral Viruses

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23
Q

The capsid is surrounded by a membranous envelope derived from the membranes of the host

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Influenza Viruses

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24
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Bacteriophages

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25
Q

a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Influenza

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26
Q

Complex capsids and have an
elongated icosahedral
head and an elaborate
protein tail.

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Bacteriophages

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27
Q

poliovirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Icosahedral Viruses

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28
Q

measles virus, mumps virus, rabies virus, and ebola virus

CHOICES:
tobacco, marijuana, capsomeres, capulet, Influenza Viruses, Icosahedral Viruses, Helical viruses, Bacteriophages

A

Helical viruses

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29
Q

Virus identifies host cell by lock and key fit with receptor molecules on the host cell. True or False

A

True

30
Q

The viral genome enters the host via membrane fusion, endocytosis, or injection (depending on the type of virus). True or False

A

True

31
Q

The viral genome produces amino acids that reprogram the cell to copy the viral genome and produce viral proteins using the host. True or False

A

False - proteins

32
Q

Phages that can only replicate by lytic cycle are called ________.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

virulent

33
Q

Rapid destruction of the host cell.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

lytic

34
Q

The _______ cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

lysogenic

35
Q

The _________ cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

lytic

36
Q

Viral DNA integrates into host chromosomes (via crossing over), becomes a prophage and can reproduce (when a cell divides) without destroying cell.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

lysogenic

37
Q

Phages that can replicate in both ways are called _______.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

temperate

38
Q

Lysogenic viruses can become lytic in response to environmental triggers. True or False

A

True

39
Q

bacteriophages transfer bacterial genes between hosts accidentally.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

Transduction

40
Q

the direct transfer of genes via a pilus or “mating bridge

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

Conjugation

41
Q

they carry resistance genes that code for enzymes that specifically destroy antibiotics.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

R plasmids

42
Q

They also carry genes that code for pili to allow conjugation.

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

R plasmids

43
Q

a primitive form of mating

CHOICES:
virulent, lytic, lysogenic, temperate, Conjugation, R plasmids, Transduction

A

Conjugation

44
Q

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 1

45
Q

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (positive-sense)

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 4

46
Q

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 3

47
Q

Positive-sense ssRNA reverse transcriptase viruses

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 6

48
Q

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (negative-sense)

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 5

49
Q

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 2

50
Q

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reverse transcriptase viruses

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 7

51
Q

Have circular genomes and replicate mostly within the nucleus by a rolling circle mechanism

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 2

52
Q

Replicate in the core capsid in the host cell cytoplasm and do depend as heavily on host polymerases as DNA viruses.

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 3

53
Q

The RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and then the DNA is spliced into the host genome for subsequent transcription and translation using the enzyme integrase.

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 6

54
Q

They can be directly read by ribosomes to translate into proteins

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 4

55
Q

It makes use of the host polymerases to replicate its genome and is therefore highly dependent on the host cell cycle.

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 1

56
Q

They replicate via an ssRNA intermediate

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 7

57
Q

They must be transcribed by a viral polymerase to produce a readable strand of mRNA

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 5

58
Q

Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, and Parvoviridae

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 2

59
Q

Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodviridae

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 5

60
Q

Rheoviridae and Birnaviridae.

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 3

61
Q

HIV, Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae.

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 6

62
Q

Hepatitis B virus

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 7

63
Q

Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, and Papoviridae

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 1

64
Q

Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Astroviridae, and Picornaviridae

CHOICES:
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7

A

Class 4

65
Q

Viruses damage the animal cells by releasing hydrolytic enzymes from the cell’s lysosomes. True or False

A

True

66
Q

Transduction is the uptake of naked, foreign DNA. True or False

A

False - Transformation

67
Q

Many viruses have cell-surface proteins that recognize DNA from closely related species and transport it inside. True or False

A

False - Bacteria

68
Q

A bacteria or prokaryotes have 1 circular chromosome (dsDNA) plus accessory genes carried on small circular capsules. True or False

A

False - carries on small plasmids

69
Q

Besides mutations, there are 3 types of genetic recombination which increase genetic variation in bacteria. True or False

A

True

70
Q

Bacterias reproduce rapidly: short life span = new mutations that can affect evolution quickly. True or False

A

True

Cytogenetics (12 decks)

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