N39

Question 1

Corpus striatum refers to

Answer 1

caudate + putamen + globus pallidus

Question 2

Striatum refers to

Answer 2

caudate + putamen

Question 3

Lenticular nucleus refers to

Answer 3

putamen + globus pallidus

Question 4

nucleus accumbens

Answer 4

anterior area where caudate putamen are continuous centrally; related to limbic system and role in drug and alcohol addictions

Question 5

Neurons in the striatum use what NTs

Answer 5

Ach or GABA

Question 6

Globus pallidus neurons use what NT

Answer 6

GABA (inhibitory)

Question 7

2 parts of globus pallidus

Answer 7

internal segment: projects to VA/VL thalamus (lenticular fasciculus and ansa lenticularis)
external segment: input from striatum and projects to internal segment and subthalamus

Question 8

2 parts of substantia nigra

Answer 8

pars compacta and pars reticulata

Question 9

Pars compacta of substantia nigra

Answer 9

Use dopamine and contain neruomelanin

Question 10

Pars reticulata of substantia nigra

Answer 10

use GABA

Question 11

Most inputs to basal ganglia are to

Answer 11

the striatum

Question 12

Most outputs from basal ganglia are

Answer 12

from the GPi

Question 13

Corticostriate

Answer 13

Cerebral cortex to ipsilateral striatum; excitatory and use glutamate

Question 14

Within striatum there are 2 cell types

Answer 14

spiny neurons and cholinergic interneurons

Question 15

Cholinergic interneurons

Answer 15

modulate local activity, activate neurons ACh-excitatory

Question 16

Spiny neurons

Answer 16

require activation; GABA inhibition

Question 17

Nigrostriatal

Answer 17

inputs use DOPAMINE via D1-D5 receptors (excitatory or inhibitory)

Question 18

D1 and D5 when bound to dopamine exerts an

Answer 18

excitatory effect DIRECT PATHWAY

Question 19

D2, D3, D4 when bound to dopamine exerts an

Answer 19

inhibitory effect INDIRECT PATHWAY

Question 20

Straiatopallidal projections (GPe and GPi)

Answer 20

GABA pathways

Question 21

Striatonigral projections

Answer 21

GABA pathways

Question 22

Subthalamic projections to GPi and pars reticulata uses

Answer 22

Glutamate

Question 23

GPi outputs to

Answer 23

ansa lenticularis –> VA –> premotor cortex

lenticular fasciculus –> VL –> primary motor cortex

Question 24

GPi outputs use what NT

Answer 24

GABA = inhibitory

Question 25

Direct pathway

Answer 25

D1 receptor, excitatory, increases thalamic and cortical activity

Question 26

Indirect pathway

Answer 26

D2 receptor, inhibitory, decreases thalamic and cortical activity (through the subthalamic nucleus)

Question 27

Direct pathway

Answer 27

Corticostriate (+) --> activates inhibitory spiny neurons Striatopalladal (-) --> Palladothalamic (-) --> Thalamocortical (+) = Activation of LMN

Question 28

Indirect Pathway

Answer 28

Corticostriate (+) --> activates inhibitory spiny neurons Striatopalladal (GPe) (-) --> Subthalamic nucleus (-) --> Subthalamic nucleus to GPi (+) --> palladothalamic (GPi) (-) --> thalamocortical are inhibited = Inactivation of LMN

Question 29

Dopamine and the Direct pathway

Answer 29

excites the direct pathway (D1) by inhibiting inhibitory cells of the substantia nigra

Question 30

Dopamine and the indirect pathway

Answer 30

inhibition in the indirect pathway (D2) by activation of inhibitory cells of the substantia nigra

Question 31

Parkinsonism

Answer 31

indirect system dominates due to loss of dopaminergic input to striatum (ACh dominates)

Question 32

ACh excites the Indirect pathway

Answer 32

leading to further activation of indirect pathway and decreased movement

Question 33

ACh inhibits the direct pathway

Answer 33

leading to further decreased movement

Question 34

Chorea

Answer 34

loss of cholinergic neurons, direct system dominates and excessive, unwanted movements occur

Question 35

Basal Ganglia function

Answer 35

planning of voluntary movement and influence motor movements without a direct connection to LMN

Question 36

Basal ganglia are connected with the limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 36

memory, behavior changes, drug and alcohol addiction