NAVIGATION CARDS Flashcards
What is the 60-1 rule?
The rule is based on the small angle approximation (which states that for small angles, sin θ ≈ θ, where θ is in radians), along with the fact that one radian (which is about 57.3°) is close to 60°. In reality, a 1 mile in 60 error is 0.96°, and the rule becomes increasingly inaccurate for larger errors. But since even a skilled pilot cannot manually fly with better than about 2° accuracy, and winds are constantly varying, the rule remains useful for most realistic situations.
What is the maximum permissible variation between the two bearing indicators on a dual VOR system when checking one VOR system against another?
Answer:
The maximum permissible variation between the two indicated bearings is 4 degrees.
How long does the touchdown zone lighting extend on a runway?
The system consists of steady-burning white lights which start 100 feet beyond the landing threshold and extend to 3,000 feet beyond the landing threshold or to the midpoint of the runway, whichever is less.
A VASI is good to what distance during the day/night? SM or NM?
These lights are visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold.
What is the reciprocal of 318°?
Answer:
(+2,-2 method) 138°.
How do you calculate a VDP?
Calculate the VDP by dividing the MDA height above terrain by 300. Example, if the HAT or MDA is 600; 600/300 = 2 miles. The VDP is the point at which a three-degree glide slope from the threshold intersects the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA).
You are flying a circling approach when you lose sight of the runway, how do you execute the missed approach?
Follow the missed approach procedure for the approach used. Make a climbing turn towards the landing runway, continue the turn until established on the missed approach course.
Is a stopway usable for take-off or taxi?
Answer:
No.
What does a flashing green light signal from a control tower mean?
Answer:
Air – Return for Landing. Ground – Cleared for Taxi.
Bearing pointer moves from 5 degrees in front of the wing to 5 degrees behind the wing in 8 minutes, you are going 360 knots. How far from the station are you?
288NM. Distance to the station in NM= Minutes x Speed/Degrees. In this example, Distance = 8*360/10 OR 288 miles/n or another method is to use 2 simple formulas, Time in Seconds/Degrees of bearing change = Minutes to station. With minutes to station, simply multiply by GS (in miles per minutes) to equal distance. 480 (8 minutes)/10 degrees = 48 minutes from the station. 48 minutes x 6 (miles per minute) = 288.
How far apart do runways have to be to conduct simultaneous approaches to parallel runways?
An approach system permitting simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches to parallel runway with centerlines separated by 4,300 to 9,000 feet, and equipped with final monitor controllers. Simultaneous parallel ILS. MLS approaches require radar monitoring to ensure separation between aircraft on the adjacent parallel approach course.
Two aircraft are traveling in the same direction 50 miles apart. Aircraft in the lead is going .76 Mach, the aircraft in trail is going .86 Mach. When will the second aircraft catch the first aircraft?
50 minutes. At FL260 0.1 Mach = 1 mile per minute. At 50 miles apart, the faster aircraft will catch the slower aircraft in 50 minutes.
You are flying at 0.86 Mach, and you elect to slow down for operational purposes. Below what airspeed do you have to advise ATC? 0.85, 0.84, 0.83, 0.82.
Answer:
Mach .82. Assuming FL360, 10 KIAS reduction in Mach is the equivalent of .82 Mach.
What color are IFR airports on Enroute Charts?
IFR airports are blue with tick marks (which designate the airport as Civilian as opposed to Military airports without tick marks) around the blue circle. VFR airports are green.
What is an MSA?
Minimum Safe Altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart and identified as the minimum safe altitude which provides 1000 feet of obstacle clearance within a 25 NM radius from the navigation facility upon which the MSA is predicated. This altitude is for EMERGENCY USE ONLY and does not guarantee navaid reception.
What is the maximum airspeed in class D airspace?
Answer:
200 KIAS or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class D airspace.
How do you identify a MOCA on an enroute chart?
Answer:
MOCAs are printed with a “T” following the altitude.
Class “C” airspace description and limitation?
Surface to 4,000 AGL at an airport with an operating control tower. For VFR operations; 3 SM, cloud clearance of 500 below, 1000 above, and 2,000 horizontally, ceiling of 1000 feet, or Special VFR. Typically 5NM radius core with a possible 10NM shelf that extends from 1,299 feet to 4,000 feet. Outer area may contain 20 NM shelf. Two-way communications must be established before entry. MUST HAVE TRANSPONDER IN AND ABOVE
What does the “x” symbol on an enroute chart indicate?
Answer:
A mileage beak or turning point.
What is calibrated airspeed?
Calibrated airspeed is the result of correcting IAS for error of the instrument and errors due to position or location of the installation.
What is the rate of descent necessary for a 3° ILS?
Answer:
Example; 180kts GS, 180 x.5=900 fpm. OR 180/2 +zero = 90 +0 = 900 fpm.
What color and shape are compulsory checkpoints on an enroute chart?
Solid black and shaped as an equilateral triangle. Non-compulsory checkpoints are simply an outline of an equilateral triangle. A compulsory checkpoint with name and INS coordinates is a solid black equilateral triangle with a small white dot within the triangle.
What is an MORA?
Minimum Off-Route Altitude derived by Jeppesen. MORA provides known obstruction clearance 10 NM either side if a route centerline including a 10 NM radius beyond the radio fix reporting or mileage break defining the route segment.
How do you identify an MEA on an enroute chart?
Answer:
MEAs are printed in red and simply show the MEA altitude along an airway.
You are entering a hold and your L/D max speed is above the max holding speed for FAR91. What speed do you hold at?
Answer:
Max Hold Speed for FAR91 as long as it is 1.3 times VS.
What is the frequency range for a localizer?
The localizer transmitter operates on one of 40 ILS channels within the frequency range of 108.10 to 111.95 MHz.
How far away can a takeoff alternate be for an aircraft with two or more engines?
Aircraft having two engines. Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. Aircraft having three or more engines. Not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative.
What is equivalent airspeed?
EAS is the result of correcting CAS for compressibility effects. At high flight speeds, the stagnation pressure recovered in the pilot tube is not representative of the mainstream dynamic pressure due to a magnification by compressibility.
Convert Mach number to ground speed At FL260 Mach .08.
At FL260 Mach 0.8 = 480 knots. 480/60 = 8 miles per minute. 0.7 = 420 knots = 7 miles per minute. 0.6 = 360 knots = 6 miles per minute. 0.5 = 300 knots = 5 miles per minute.
Define MVA.
Answer:
Minimum Vectoring Altitudes (MVA) are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised. Each sector boundary is at least 3 miles from the obstruction determining the MVA. To avoid a large sector with an excessively high MVA due to an isolated prominent obstruction, the obstruction may be enclosed in a buffer area whose boundaries are at least 3 miles from the obstruction.
What is a MOCA?
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude is the lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes or route segments which meet obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and in the USA assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 nautical miles of a VOR.
Class “B” airspace description and limitations?
Surface to 7,000 feet or up to 12,500 feet surrounding the nation’s busiest airports. Clearance to enter is required. For VFR operations; 3 miles, Clear of Clouds and at least 1,000-foot ceilings, or Special VFR, Speed limit is 250 knots.
L/D Max= 240KIAS, Vflaps=205KIAS, Vs = 149KIAS. You get a holding clearance for 7000ft, at what speed do you hold?
230 KIAS (max holding speed between 6000 ft. and 14000 ft.) Ideally, an aircraft should fly in a holding pattern at a speed which minimizes fuel flow but within pattern at a speed which minimizes fuel flow but within the constraints of aircraft/company operational criteria and FAA established recommended guidelines. Without those constraints, the best profile to fly to minimize fuel flow would be at a speed slightly slower than the speed for minimum drag. In this case 230 KIAS.
You are executing a missed approach on Runway 09 and get cleared to hold south on the 180 degrees radial of the VOR on the field, at the 15 DME fix. What type entry?
Answer : Parallel Entry.
If on a 3-degree glide slope at 700 feet per minute, as headwind increases what correction must be made?
Answer:
Reduce the rate of descent (due to slower ground speed).
What is the 60-1 rule?
1 MILE IN 60 ERROR
The rule is based on the small angle approximation (which states that for small angles, sin θ ≈ θ, where θ is in radians), along with the fact that one radian (which is about 57.3°) is close to 60°. In reality, a 1 mile in 60 error is 0.96°, and the rule becomes increasingly inaccurate for larger errors. But since even a skilled pilot cannot manually fly with better than about 2° accuracy, and winds are constantly varying, the rule remains useful for most realistic situations.
