Neoplasm Flashcards
1
Q
This is histological findings of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia-Syndrome
A
Mild loss of purkinje and inferior olives and brainstem
2
Q
Recurrence rate of PCNSL
A
90%
3
Q
What is the main feature of optic glioma
A
Ocular proptosis
4
Q
What is the most common glioma of Spinal cord
A
ependymoma
5
Q
Antineuronal antibody is associated with what paraneoplastic syndrome
A
Indistinguishible to ALS
6
Q
The following are diagnostic of Angioblastic intravascular lymphoma
A
(+) C-ANCA
CSF: high CHON and negative cells
Elevated LDH and ESR
7
Q
What predicts longer survival in patients with oligodendroglioma
A
Loss of 19q
8
Q
What associated virus is implicated to castleman disease
A
EBV and HHV 8 and 6
9
Q
This condition is presents as subacute onset and steady progression over weeks characterized by symmetrical ataxia of gait dysarthria and nystagmus
A
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
10
Q
Female to male ratio of meningioma
A
2:1
11
Q
3 pattern of intracranial metastasis
A
Skull/Dura
Brain
Craniospinal Meninges
12
Q
Cytotoxic edema is observed in the following setting
A
hypoxic-ischemic injury
13
Q
What causes Acromegaly?
A
Overproduction of GH after puberty
14
Q
Increase in protein in patient with neoplasm can be explained by
A
Extension of tumor in meningeal surface or ventricular wall
15
Q
What distinguishes metastatic tumor from primary ones
A
multiple nodular deposits of tumor on imaging
16
Q
Associated antibody in Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
A
anti-Yo
17
Q
Treatment of colloid cyst
A
Surgery
VP shunting
Aspiration of cyst
18
Q
MRI findings of Limbic encephalitis
A
T2 hyperintensity and edema with focal necrosis
19
Q
This disease is characterized by infiltration of glial cells on one or both hemisphere
A
Gliomatosis Cerebri
20
Q
Irradiation in metastatic brain tumor is given in
A
2 weeks period
21
Q
What is the 5 year survival after surgery in lowgrade astrocytoma
A
90%
22
Q
Most common cause of ischemic necrosis of the pituitary
A
Sheehan’s syndrome
23
Q
Anti-Hu antibody is associated with this paraneoplastic syndrome
A
Sensory Neuropathy
24
Q
MRI findings of Angioblastic Intravascvular lymphoma
A
Multiple nodular and variegated abnormality on T2 weighted image (contrast enhancing)
25
What are the associated diseases of Carotid body tumor
NF-1
| VHL
26
MRI findings of Anti-NKDA encephalitis
T2 hyperintensity on the medial temporal lobe
27
Tumors that arise in Pons or in 4th ventricle that may manifest as CPA
Ependymoma
Astrocytoma
Papilloma
Medulloblastoma
28
How many patients with astrocytoma/low-grade where seizure is the most common presentation
2/3
29
Most common solid tumor of childhood
Neuroblastoma
30
Why is Pineal Gland not included in WHO classification
Classified as Germ Cell Tumor
31
This is characterized by astrocytes that tends to infiltrate tracts and nuclei, symptoms depends on the location
Brainstem glioma
32
The following is suggestive of poor outcome in neuroblastoma
Mutation of chr. 1 and 11
| MYCN amplification or overexpression
33
How many percent of GBM located in hemisphere
80%
34
What elements is used in brachytherapy
Iodine 125
35
How is temozolamide given
7-5m/m tapering dose in 4 weeks then 5 days every 28 days for 6 years
36
Associated cancer of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia-Syndrome
Breast cancer
| Small cell lung carconmoma
37
What is the common feature of oliogodendroglioma and low grade gliomas
fine granules of calcium
38
What is the diagnostic marker for biopsy in astrocytoma
GFAP
39
Treatment of optic glioma may differ from location
pre chiasmastic - surgical extirpatiom
| chiasmatic - partial resection then RT
40
What differentiate Cushing Disease and Cushing syndrome
Cushing Disease - excess secretion of pituitary ACTH
| Cushing Syndrome - Excess cortisol
41
Risk factors for Pituitary apoplexy
```
anticoagulation
RADIATION
pituitary function tests
bromocriptine treatment
Head trauma
```
42
This tumor originates from non-chromaffin paranglioma cells found in the adventitia of jugular bulb
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
43
This disorder are low-grade malignant composed of glial cells astrocytes and neurons with various degrees of differentiation
Gangliomas
44
Imaging findings of Cytotoxic Edema
Decreased attenuation in CT
Hyperintensity in T2
Increased anisotropy on DWI
45
This tumor is characterized by ataxia of gait with signs of increased ICP with associated hepatic and pancreatic cyst
Hemangioblastoma of Cerebellum
46
Enlargement of tumor size can be explained by:
extensive demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes with degree of necrosis
47
Infratentorial ependymoma accounts for how many percent
40%
48
What is the cut-off age 2nd surgery in recurrent GBM
40 years old and less
49
What leukemia has high predilection to infiltrate nervous system
AML > CML
50
Histologic findings of Germinoma
Large epithelial cells separated by network of reticular connective network tissue and contains lymphocytes
51
Symptoms of Adamantinoma
Children: blindness, DI, and adiposity
Adult: Weakness of legs, headache, waninglibido
52
Treatment of Anaplastic Ependymoma
RT and antineoplastic agents
53
What is the most frequent acquired genetic defect in Meningioma
NF2 gene(merlin) found in chr 22q
54
This accounts for poor neoplastic transformation of cerebellar stem cell at various stage
deletion of Chr 17 distal to p53
55
Other tumors of CPA
```
Neurinoma
Meningioma
Cholesteoma
Gliomus Jugularae Tumor
Neoplastic meningitis
Arachnoid Cyst
Epidural Plasmacytoma of petrous bone
```
56
Brainstem metastasis most often originate from what malignancy
lung cancer
57
MRI findings of pituitary ademoma
enhancing and only visualized if more than 3mm
58
What is the diagnostic marker for Pineal germinoma
B-HCG
| AFP
59
What is the cell of origin of PCNSL
reticulum cells a histiocyte component of germinal center of the LN (B-Lymphocytes)
60
Neurological manifestation of Glomus Jugulare Tumors
Partial Deafness
Facial Palsy
Dysphagia
Unilateral Atrophy of tongue
61
This disease is characterized by loss of SC interneurons
stiffman syndrome
62
Associated antibody in LEMS
CRMP-5
| Anti-Hu
63
Lhermitte Ducos Disease is associated with mutation of this gene
PTEN gene
64
This is characterized by rapid progression of degeneration of the spinal cord ascending sensorimotor deficit
Carcinomatous Myelopathy
65
What is the most common extracranial malignant tumor of infancy
Retinoblastoma
66
Manifestation of sphenoid wing meningioma
```
anosmia
occulomotor palsies
painful ophthalmoplegia
Foster Kennedy Syndrome
Uncinate Fits
```
67
Survival rate of PCNLS in immunocompetent individual
3 years
68
GH and TSH are secreted by this pituitary cells
Chromophobe
69
All tumors in sellar regions are classified as grade___
I
70
4 Histologic types of pineal tumors
1. Germinoma
2. Non-Germinoma
3. Pinealoma
4. Glioma
71
The presence of bridges between tumor cells is highly suggestive of this tumor
Adamantinoma
72
Adverse effect of Temozolamide
Thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia
Pneumocystis Carinii
73
treatment for Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Plasma exchange
IVIG
Removal of Primary tumor
74
What oral drug used in GBM
Temazolamide
75
What distinguishes GBM from anaplastic glioma
Variegated appearance
76
Vestibular schwanomma is associated with what disease
Von Recklinghausen disease
77
This neoplasm is characterized by soft jelly gray arise from primitive notochord
chordoma
78
How can hyperventilation alleviate increase ICP
reduced brain volume by producing respiratory alkaalosis
79
How many percent of pituitary tumors are prolactinoma
70%
80
Associated antibody with Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia-Syndrome
Anti Ri
81
Treatment of Carotid body tumor
Surgical excision with or without embolization
82
Typical posture of patients with medulloblastoma
Head tilt the occiput is tilted back and away from the side of tumor
83
What is the imaging findings of vasogenic edema
Hyperintense T1
Decrease attenuation on CT
Decrease anisotropy on MRI
84
Characteristic feature of suprasellar arachnoid cyst where excision may result to resolution
Bobble head doll syndrome
| Seesaw and pendular nystagmus
85
Median survival rate of patients with carcinomatous meningitis
6 months
86
Pathological findings in Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
diffuse degenerative changes in cerebellar cortex as well as deep nuclei and tracts (posterior column and spinocerebellar tract)
87
Carcinomatous Myelopathy is associated. with what malignancy
Bronchogenic
| Hodgkin
88
Presence of this histologic feature in medulloblastoma is suggestive of better prognosis
Desmoplastic
89
This tumor occur sporadically involving CN VIII
Vestibular schwanomma
90
What malignancy is associated with Stiffman syndrome
Breast cancer
91
location of limbic encepahalitis
Medial temporal lobe
92
PCNSL accounts for how many percent of all brain tumor
3%
93
This is an intracranial neoplasm that is derived from connective tissue elements
Sarcoma of the brain
94
Manner of mechanism of spread of PCNSL
systemic lymphoma with propensity to metastasis to NS
95
Initial symptoms of gliomatosis cerebri
frontal lobe syndrome
Depression
Subacute dementia
Pseudotumor cerebri
96
Common location of chordoma
a. clivus
| b. sacrococcygeal regions
97
This tumor arise from the mucus membrane or nasopharynx near the eustachian tube
NPCa
98
Histology of Glomus Jugulare Tumor
Large epithelial cells arranged in alveolar pattern
99
The imaging of this tumor density depends on the hydration status of the patient
Colloid cyst
100
3 syndrome of Radiation Damage
1. Acute
2. Early Delayed
4. Late Delayed
101
This disorder is characterized by widespread dissemination of tumor cells throughout the meninges and ventricles
Carcinomatous meningitis
102
Common site of growth medulloblastoma
cerebellar vermis
| roof of 4th ventricle
103
Dose of mannitol
0.5-1kg/bw
104
This antibody is the pathogenic of NMDA subunits
NR1
105
3 groups of paraneoplastic neoplastic syndromes of motor neurons
1. Rapidly progressive amyotrophy and fasciculation with or without reflex
2. Predominantly corticospinal tract
3. Indistinguishible to ALS
106
This results from an infarction of adenoma that outgrown its blood supply
Pituitary apoplexy
107
What is the most initial presentation of oligodendroglioma
Seizure (50%)
108
What syndrome is associated with Hemangioblastoma
Von Hippel Lindau Disease (VHL)
109
How many percent of PCNSL are located in cortex
60%
110
Differential diagnosis of Chordoma
Wegeners granulomatosis
Erdheim-Chester disease
Sarcoidosis
Chondrosarcoma
111
Diagnosis of NPCa depends on the following
inspection
biopsy
lymph node involvement
112
Treatment for carcinomatous meningitis
Symptomatic therapy for symptomatic areas followed by IV MTX into lateral ventricles
113
This makes up 1/3 of metastatic malignancy of CNS
Lungs
| then breast then MELANOMA
114
This is a multifocal neoplasm of large anaplastic monoclonal lymphocytes that infiltrate the wall of BV
Angioblastic Lymphoma
115
Temazolamide increases median survival if without RT
14.6 years
116
This occurs in children with neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia-Syndrome
117
These antibodies are seen in patient with brainstem encephalitis
CRMPS
anti MA1
anti MA2
118
Associated antibody to rapidly progressive amyotrophy and fasciculation with or without reflex
anti-Hu
119
What is the characteristic behavior of PCNSL
Disappearance or complex resolutionin response to corticosteroids
120
What should be check to children with patient with hemangioblastoma
Renal cell carcinoma
121
Primary tumor accounts for how many percent of intracranial neoplasm
15/100,000
122
what is the central feature of limbic encephalitis
amnestic component
123
What causes empty sella syndrome
Defect of dural diaphragm due to stable of increased ICP
124
Sarcoma of brain is how many percent of all intracranial neoplasm
1-3%
125
Oligodendroglioma is how many percent of all intracranial neoplasm
5-7%
126
Clinical manifestation of colloid cyst
Drop attacks
| headache modified by posture - ball valve obstruction
127
Ependymoma is how many percent of all intracranial glioblastoma
6%
128
Collection of neuroepithelial cells and clusters of oligodendrocytes with multinodular architecture with MUCINOUS cyst
Desmoplastic infantile ganglion Xanthpastrocytoma
129
IDH 1 and 2 is associated with what outcome and behavior of tumor
better outcome and slower progression
130
Breast cancer goes to CNS via what pathway
systemic spread via Batson Plexus
131
Onset of late delayed radiation injury
3 months to years
132
Age onset of Glioma of brainstem
80% before 20 years old
133
Most common location of ependymoma in childhood
4th ventricle
134
Cerebellar Foramen
Downward displacement of parts of cerebellar hemisphere
135
Pathological findings of papilloma of choroid plexus
Cuboidal epithelium of plexus closely related to ependymoma
136
What is the tumor antigen involve in Papilloma of choroid plexus
SV40 virus
137
Mutation of this oncogene is seen in younger patient
p53
138
What causes papilledema
Rise in intracranial and perioptic pressure leads to impair axonal transport to optic nerve serous drainage
139
What is the management of PCNSL in immunocomoetent individual
MTX and cytosine arabinose
140
What is the treatment of Gliomatosis Cerebri
Corticosterioids
141
MRI findings of Brainstem glioma
T1 hypointense
| T2 heterogeneously increased
142
Histological feature is characterized by elongated bipolar cells
Pilocytic cell
143
Low-grade and intermediate glioma accounts to how many percent of all gliomas
25-30%
144
These are cells that are primitive looking
Blastoma
145
How many percent patients with neoplasm has seizure
25-50%
146
Meningioma is derived from
arachnoidal meningothelial cells specially those forming arachnoid villi
147
Age predilection of gangliomas
young
148
Differential diagnosis of pituitary tumors
Saccular aneurysm
Meningism tuberculous of sellae
MS
Empty Sella Syndrome
149
This tumor is derived from enpendymal cell of vertigial ventricular structure "paraphysis"
Colloid cyst
150
Recurrence of Adamantinoma usually occur?
3 years
151
CSF picture of leukemia of NS
Lymphocytes predominance (similar to carcinomatous meningitis)
152
How does NS is affected by leukemia
infiltration of leptomeningeal and cranial spinal nerve roots
153
Associated cancer of Anti-NMDA encephalitis
teratoma
ovarian ca
small cell ca
154
Most common site of oligodendroglioma
Frontal and temporal
155
Solid tumor in children accounts for how many percent of intracranial neoplasm
22%
156
Mulicentricity of GBM occurs in how many percent of patient
3-6%
157
CSF picture of Anti-NMDA enccephalitis
(+) WBC
| (+) oligoclonal bands
158
Mutation of NF-2 would usually occur during what age
before 21 years old
159
What syndrome is associated with anti NMDA
Ophelia syndrome
160
This ependymoma is characterized by high mitotic activity and nuclear atypia
Anaplastic ependymoma
161
Histologic features of Meningioma
round elongated nuclei with cytoplasmic membrane forming whorls "psammoma bodies"
162
Histological findings of limbic encephalitis
extensive loss of neuron with microglial proliferation and small patches of necrosis and perivascular cuffing
163
This syndrome is characterized by acral growrg, visceromegaly, HA andendocrine disorders (DM and hypermetabolism)
Acromegaly
164
What are clues of malignant meningioma
High mitotic activity
Nuclear atypia
Marked nuclear and cellular pleomorphism
Invasiveness of brain
165
In Ependymoma, RT would assist Surgery in
address the high rate of seeding in the ventricles
166
What symptoms usually results to good survival in brainstem glioma
Patient who initially presents long tract signs has increase survival
167
What tumor classification of medulloblastoma
PNET
168
What is the disadvantage of gamma knife in management of pituitary adenoma
Effects after several months
169
The duration of amenorrhea is directly proportional to:
Level of prolactin
170
Where in the neuroaxis does systemic lymphoma woukd manifest
SC or cauda equina
171
Why is white matter causes edema
Because of its loose structural organization which offers less resistance to fluid under pressure
172
Mean age for anaplastic glioma
46 years old
173
What is the most sensitive auditory evoked response in the presence of acoustic schwanomma
BAER
174
Stain used in Pineal tumors
Silver carbonate
175
This is a non-tumorous enlargement of sella
Empty sella syndrome
176
How is PCNSL diagnose
stereotactic needle biopsy
177
Age of onset of retinoblastoma
80% before 5 years old
178
Treatment for Glomus Jugulare Tumor
Radical Mastoidectomy follows irradiation
| Embolization prior to surgery
179
Associated antibody to predominantly corticospinal tract
none
180
Treatment of Medulloblastoma
Maximal resection of tumor
| CT and RT of the entire neuroaxis
181
Treatment for limbic encephalitis
Plasma Exchange
| Anti VGKL
182
CSF findings of Carcinomatous Myelopathy
Increased CHON
| (+) oligoclonal bands
183
4 Categories of Meningioma
Meningothelial or Syncitial
Fibroblastic
Angioplastic
Malignant Type
184
What is the most common pareneoplastic neurlogic syndrome
Lambert Eaton Syndrome (LEMS)
185
Vestibular schwannoma will occur during
5th-6th decade of life
186
Differential diagnosis of BS glioma
Pontine MS
Vascular malformation of pons
Brainstem encephalitis
187
Survival rate of PCNSL in AIDS
10-18months
188
This astrocytoma is characterized by enlarged cell distended with hyaline and eosinophils
Gemistocytic
189
What should not be given RT in oligodendroglioma
well-differentiated oligodendroglioma
190
Craniopharyngioma originate from what cell elements
Cell nest at the junction of infindubulum and pituitary
| Rathkes Pouch
191
Diagnostic picture of Acromegaly
```
Increased GH (>0.10ng/ml)
Failure of GH in respopnse to glucose and TRH
```
192
Surgical extirpation in metastatic brain disease is indicated in the following settings:
Single Parenchymatous
Growth of primary tumor and metastasis are under good control
Accessible to surgery
Not located at motor and language area
193
What medication causes SSS thrombosis
Phenytoin and radiation
194
Early CT/MRI findings of Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
none
late - atrophy of BS and cerebellum
195
Pattern of inheritance of VHL
AD
196
Characterized by focal motor symptoms secondary to enlargement of tumor size
Early radiation syndrome
197
Pathophysiology of GBM
Hypercellularity with pleomorphism of cells and nuclear atypia
Giant cells and mitosis
Hyperplasia of endothelial cells
Necrosis & hemorrhage with thrombosis
198
Meningioma originates in the following structures
Dura and Arachnoid
199
Treatment for hemangioblastoma of cerebellum
Craniotomy and opening of cerebellar cyst and excision of hemangioblastomatpous nodule
Endovascular embolization
200
Pineal Glioma is derived from what structures
astroglial cell of pineal body
201
Age of onset of oligodendroglioma
3rd-4th decade of life
202
treatment for arachnoid cyst
Asymptomatic - leave alone
| Symptomatic - check for subdural hemorrhage
203
Other name for lyphomatoid granulomatosis
Castleman disease
204
What are the association metastatic malignancy in infratentorial area
Pelvic and colon
205
How many cycles should PCV given
6 cycles
206
What is the radiation dose for cranial nerves encephalopathy
Radiation at 3,000 cGy in 10 divided dose for 10 days
207
Diagnostic for Cushing Disease
Excess plasma and urinary cortisol not suppressed by dexamethasone in small dose but can be suppressed by higher dose
208
What is the management of Anti-NMDA encephalitis if there is no tumor
IVIG
209
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma are usually found in
Foramen of monroe
210
Gangliocytomas may grow in the following sites:
```
Adrenal gland
Thoracic sympathetic
Internal auditory canal
SC
Cerebellum
```
211
Cerebellar degeneration is associated with what malignancy
Ovarian ca
| Hodgkin's disease
212
This tumor is characterized by clock paralysis and atropy weakness of hands and intercostals
Foramen magnum tumor
213
Treatment for non-germcell pineal tumors
Radiation and Surgery
214
Imaging findings of oligodendroglioma
T2 hyperintensity heterogenous mass with well-defined borders
Intratumoral calcification > 1/2
Enhance with contrast
215
Imaging findings of GBM
Homogenous mass with center that is hypointense and non enhancing with irregular rim of enhancement surrounding the core lesion
216
What is the function of Erlotinib and Gefinitinib
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors that is responsive to upregulated of EGFR
217
What is the prognosis of GBM if with surgery and RT
12 months
218
What type of lymphoma has a high tendency to cause meningeal dissemination
non Hodgkin lymphoma
219
Imaging of Pilocytic astrocytoma
```
Sharply demarcated and smooth borders
T1 hypointensity
T2 hyperintensity
enhanced nodular distal portion
with cystic and calcium in cerebellar lesion
```
220
Tumor brush is defined as
tendency to calcify as their prominent vascularity
221
Imaging of Fibrillary Tumor
less stereotyped appearance
T1 hypointensity
T2 hyperintensity
no contrast enhancement
222
Vomiting and Dizziness is seen mostly seen in patient with tumor in these regions
posterior fossa
223
Types of Pinealoma (3)
1. Pineacytoma
2. atypical pineacytoma
3. pineablastoma
224
MRI findings of gliomatosis cerebri
one or more confluent area of signal changes
| Contrast enhancing is scant
225
Main syndrome of neuroblastoma
Polymyoclonus
Opsoclonus
Ataxia
226
Early stage neuroblastoma management
Observe, most of them regress spontaneously
227
Treatment (medulloblastoma)
Low Risk - _________
Intermediate- __________
High Risk - ____________
Treatment (medulloblastoma)
Low Risk - observe
Intermediate- CT
High Risk - Sx, RT and CT
228
Differential diagnosis of Tumor of Foramen Magnum
Chiari malformation
MS
Syringomyelia
Bony abnormalities at craniocervical junction
229
Meningioma is how many percent of all primary intracranial neoplasm
15%
230
What is the management of ependymoma
Surgical excision
VP shunting
irradiation
231
Gene that is involve in retinoblastoma
RB gene
232
What predicts the responsiveness of recurrent gliomas to treatment
suppression of PTEN
233
Imaging findings of PCNSL
dense homogenous enhancing infiltrating
| non-necrotic , non-hemorrhagic periventricular masses
234
What is the characteristic feature of chordoma
This is the only tumor that may manifest both intracranial and extracranial mass
235
What is the etiology of Cushing Disease
Hyperplasia of pituitary basophilic cells or non basophilic micradenoma
236
This disease is characterized by lesion in photoreceptor cells and manifest with scotoma and attenuation of retinal arterioles
Paraneoplastic retinopathy
237
This tumor causes visual disturbances related to the borders of sella tursica
Pituitary adenoma
238
What is the permanent cure for meningioma
Surgical Excision
239
What virus is involved in Angioblastic intravascular lymphoma
EBV
240
This tumor grows slowly forming a mass in the cerebellum composed of granule, purkinje and glial cells
Lhermitte Ducos
241
How many percent of patient will have recurrence in one year in pituitary adenoma
15%
242
What stain can the fried egg appearance is better visualized
Silver Carbomate
243
When is craniotomy indicated in pituitary adenoma
extrasellar extensive of pituitary growth with transfrontal approach followed by RT
244
This disease is characterized by acute to subacute psychiatric manifestation in combination with hallucination, panic disorder and memory disturbance
Anti-NMDA Encephalitis
245
Imaging findings of Ependymoma
CT: well demarcated heterogenous hyperdense mass with uniform enhancement
MRI: HypoT1 HyperT2 with calcification
246
What is the characteristic feature of arachnoid cyst in infants
Extensive transillumination and macrosomia
247
This manifest during child bearing years where it is induced by OCP use when was stop cycle is not reestablish the cycle
Ammenorhea-Galactorrhea syndrome
248
What makes the meningioma highly vascularized and prominent edema
VEGF
249
(1) 2nd most frequency next to anti-Hu associated with what carcinoma (2)
1. CRMS
| 2. lung carcinoma
250
Treatment of disseminated lymphoma of NS
RT + chemotherapy
251
Common location of brainstem glioma
Dorsal
252
Where does anti-Yo binds that promotes cerebellar degeneration
C-MYC
253
Diagnostic tool used in carcinomatosis meningitis
CSF analysis with cytology & flow cytometry techniques
254
This tumor invaginate the 3rd ventricle and blocks the foramen monroe
suprasellar arachnoid cyst
255
Median survival of RT alone in GBM
12.1
256
In astrocytoma, if treated early, the survival rate is
5.3 years
257
initial manifestation of sphenoid wing meningioma
Exophthalmos
258
Supratentorial meningioma accounts of how many percent of all meningioma based on location
90%
259
Extracranial metastatasis of medulloblastoma occurs where
Liver lung scalp and LN
260
Treatment of retinoblastoma
early recognition
radiation
surgery
261
Neurological symptoms of carcinomatous meningitis
```
Headache
Backache
Sciatica
Cauda Equina
Multiple craniopathies
```
262
Symptoms of ependymoma
Similar to medulloblastoma except protracted course and lacks cerebellar signs
263
This disorder is characterized by continuous muscle fiber activity
Chorea Fibrillaire
264
This tumor are found in 20% with tuberous sclerosis
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
265
PCV regimen includes
Procarbazine Cyclophosphamide and Vincristine
266
Treatment of Neuroblastoma
Depends on clinical staging
267
Treatment for BS glioma(Diffuse infiltrative type)
RT and VP shunting
| partial resection - long term survival
268
This tumor manifests as painless mass at the side of neck below the angle of jaw
Carotid body tumor
269
What are the markers in oligodendroglioma that confer benefit
Loss of 1p
| IDH1 mutation
270
5 years survival in medulloblastoma with treatment
80%
271
Reticulum cell sarcoma
CNS Lymphoma
272
What is a pleuripotent stem cells
this cells are capable of differentiating into neuronal or glial elements
273
Rb gene is associated in what loss of chromosome
Chr 10
274
What antiangiogenic agents can be given in patient with NF-2
Becacizumab
275
What causes loosening of BBB by allowing passing of blood products
Protease
276
Most common histological feature of astrocytoma
Fibrillary
277
Analogue of somatostatin shown to reduced tumor size
Octreotide 200mg/d
278
Outcome of GBM if no treatment
7-9 months
279
This is a dopamine agonist used in adjunct galactorrhea syndrome where it reduces the tumor size and improvement of visual symptoms
Bromocriptine 0.5-1.25 OD
280
This disorder is characterized failure of a slow bitemporal hemianopia without endocrine deficit
Meningioma of tuberculum sellae
281
CT/MRI findings of optic glioma
tumor and enlargement of optic foramen >7mm
282
The deletion of this gene is seen in 50% with astrocytoma
p53
283
This tumor is characterized by its systemic malignant tumor that metastasize to base of skull specifically to anterior fossa
Esthesioneuroblastoma
284
Antibody associated with Carcinomatous Myelopathy
Anti-Hu
285
treatment for germ cell pineal tumor
Surgery
286
Other neurological findings in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
```
Myoclonus
Opsoclonus
SNHL
Diplopia
Vertigo
```
287
Malignant types ependymoma would present symptoms as
First symptoms to 4 weeks after diagnosis is suggestive of malignant type
288
What are the possible causes if the onset is sudden in metastatic brain tumor
Tumoral bleed
| Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis with cerebral embolism
289
PNET tumors are recognized as:
small cell glioma
| undifferential embryonal origin
290
Treatment of Papilloma of Choroid plexus
Surgical excision
| VP shunting
291
What is the most cellular elements affected in pituitary adenoma
Chromophobe > Acidophil > Basophil (CAB) 5:4:1
292
(7) Grade IV WHO Classification of tumor
```
GBM
Giant cell glioblastoma
Gliosarcoma
Medulloblastoma
PNET
Atypical Teratoma
MPNST
```
293
Give 4 viruses that are associated with primary tumor
HPV
HBV
EBV
HTLV
294
What condition predisposes to empty sella syndrome
Pseudotumor cerebri
Post-excision of pituitary adenoma
Hydrocephalus
295
Biomarkers of carcinomatous meningitis
LDH
B-Glucoronidase
B-Globulin
CEA
296
What drugs can be used in patients with interstitial edema
Furosemide and acetazolamide
297
This herniation is associated with cingulate gyrus is pushed under the falx
Subfalcine
298
Patient who had neurological signs and symptoms when treatment is initiated the median survival is
3.4 years
299
What is the management of ocular lymphoma
irradiation ONLY!
300
Give 4 tumors that occurs before age of 20
Medulloblastoma
Polar Spongioblastoma
Optic Nerve Glioma
Pinealoma
301
Pattern of growth of pituitary adenoma
Pituitary > Optic chiasm > cavernous sinus > 3rd ventricle > posterior fossa
302
Radiation dosage that is proven to increase survival of 5 years
6,000 cGY
303
This accounts for 50% of pineal tumors
Germinoma
304
Histological classification of astrocytoma
Fibrillary
Gemistocytic
Pilocytic
Mixed Type
305
Rate of growth of tumor depends on the following
Nuclear atypia
Cellularity
Mitosis
Vascular Proliferation
306
What chromosome does p53 is found
Chr. 17
307
Pathologic findings of medulloblastoma
Closely packed hyperchromatic nuclei little cytoplasm and many nuclei (PSEUDOROSETTES)
308
Radiographic findings of Desmoplastic infantile ganglion xanthoastrocytoma
Nodule or small cyst
hyperintense T2
Non-enhancing
309
What are the common locations of papilloma of choroid plexus with percentage
Lateral Ventricle 50%
4th ventricle 40%
3rd ventricle 10%
310
Treatment for chordoma
Surgical excision and focused radiation
311
What is the adverse effect of IV MTX in treating leukemia of NS
Necrotizing leukoencephalopathy
312
This tumor is associated with Lhermitte Ducos Disease
Gangliocytoma
313
Associated disorder of Chorea fibrillaire
Isaac Syndrome
| Lunch cancer
314
Neurological symptoms of pineal tumors (6)
```
Increased ICP
Parinauds syndrome
Limb ataxia
Oculomotor signs
Precocious puberty
Sleep not affected
```
315
Tumor in the foramen accounts how many percent of all intracranial tumor
1%
316
Fate of the brainstem glioma
1. malignant transformation
| 2. spread to meninges - meningeal gliomatosis
317
This tumor is similar to medulloblastoma but occurs in supratentorial region
PNET
318
What is highly characteristic in acromegaly
Facial and bodily appearance
319
Age and sex predilection of medulloblastoma
4-8 years old
| M>F 3:1
320
GBM is how many percent of all intracranial tumor
20%
321
How many patient with neoplasm presents with headache
25%
322
This tumor is high in AIDS and immunosuppressed state
PCNSL
323
Treatment for oligodendrocytes
Surgical excision with RT
324
What drug should be use to target in recurrent GBM
VEGF
325
Increase ICP, seizure and worsening of tumor
Acute
326
Medulloblastoma is derived from what stem cells
Pleuripotent stem cells
327
Presence of this gene is associated with poor prognosis in medulloblastoma
C-MYC
328
Where is the lateral of papilloma of choroid plexus where it manifests like CP angle tumor
lateral recess
329
Where does olfactory groove meningioma originates
arachnoidal cells along the cribriform plate
330
Most common location of ependymoma
4th ventricle
331
What is the hallmark genetic defect of vestibular schwanomma is the inheritance is AD
NF-2
332
Treatment for Anti-NMDA encephalitis
Removal of ovarian containing teratoma or other inciting tumor
333
How many years survival in "loss of 1p" in oligodendrocytes
10 years
334
2 Types of Ependymoma
1. Ependymoma
| 2. Ependymoblastoma
335
Favored sites of recurrence
```
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm
```
336
treatment for early radiation syndrome
Steroids
337
Histologic findings of retinoblastoma
small cells with neurofibrils like neurofibroblastoma and has a tendency to form rosette
338
Distinct features of limbic encephalitis
```
confusional attack
memory deficit
seizure
dementia
hallucination
```
339
Survival rate of anaplastic tumor
3-5 years
340
Mean age of GBM
60 years old
341
Ependymoma is derived from
Ependymal cells that lines the ventricles of brain and central canal
342
Wha is the imaging findings of necrotizing leukoencephathy
Large areas of hypodensity
| T2 Hyperintensity
343
What growth factor is increased meningioma
VEGFR
344
What is the common location of PCNSL
periventricular area
345
What chromosome is involve in medulloblastoma
Chr 17
346
Laminated calcific concretion of calcium deposits
Psammoma Bodies
347
What agents increase the prolactin level in normal individual
Chlorpromazine
| TRH
348
What is the defective gene in Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
mTOR
349
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer
Sensory neuropathy
| Myasthenic syndrome
350
Location distribution of metastatic brain carcinoma
80% supratentorial
| 20% infratentorial
351
The imaging findings of Lhermitted Ducos Disease
Alternating lesion of dysmorphic cerebellar cells
| "TIGER SKIN:
352
Histological findings of Carcinomatous myelopathy
Symmetrical necrosis of both gray and white matter of most cord
353
What is the most important prognostic factor in intracranial neoplasm
Age
354
MRI findings of radiation injury of the brain (Late-delayed)
Contrast enhancing lesion and avascular mass
355
This neoplasm is characterized by dimming of vision, constriction of fields and papilledema
Optic glioma
356
Familial Schwanomma is associated with mutation of these chromosome and gene
Chromosome: Chr.22
Gene: SMARCB1 gene
357
Growth rate of Carotid body tumor
2cm every 5 years
358
AB of LEMS is directed against what channel
Calcium
359
This marker is associated with limbic encephalitis
anti-Hu
360
What is the most common type of Meningioma
Syncitial
361
This is the most serious radiation injury where it is characterized by necrosis of white matter of the brain
Late-Delayed Process
362
This is a neuroectodermal cells that contains aggregate of paranglioma seen in patients residing in high altitude
Carotid Body Tumor (paraganglioma)
363
Imaging findings of medulloblastoma
High intensity in both T1 and T2 with heterogenous enhancement at 4th ventricle
364
Amplification of this gene is associated with poor outcome in patient with neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma
MYCN
365
p16 is associated with overexpression of
EGF
366
Differential diagnosis of Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
CJD
| Post-infectious cerebellitis
367
Age of onset of hemangioblastoma of cerebellum
15-50 years old
368
Surgical technique of schwanomma
Microsurgical suboccipital transmeatal approach
369
What are other receptors found in meningioma
Estrogen and Progesterone
370
Paraneoplastic Optic neuropathy is associated with what antibody
CRMP-5
371
What is the acceptable radiation dose
6,000 cGY
372
This tumor if covered the cerebral hemisphere may result to external hydrocephalus
Arachnoid cyst
373
Incidence of primary tumor
46/100,000
374
Histologic findings of PCNSL
highly cellular and grows around the blood vessel in angiocentric pattern
375
What tumor where contents may cause chemical meningitis
Cholesteoma
376
What is wutzelueth
inappropriate jocularity due to compression of inferior frontal lobe
377
Sex predilection of chordoma
M>F
378
What is the management of meningioma if located in Skull base and small in size
Focused radiation
379
Amplification of this gene is associated with tumor in older patients
EGFR
380
What disease should be exclude in the presence of lack of ballooning of sella
pituitary adenoma
| suprasellar tumor
381
This tumor has a predilection to grow in juxtacortical at lateral or medial temporal lobe
Desmoplastic infantile ganglion Xanthpastrocytoma
382
What gene is responsible for transformation of oligodendrocytes and astrocytoma to malignant form
IDH 1 and IDH 2
383
Mixed oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma treatment
treated as astrocytoma
| Give Temazolamide
384
This pineal tumors are highly cellular of small undifferentiated cells resemble to medulloblast
Pineblastoma
385
Factors decrease the survival in medulloblastoma
Brainstem Invasion
Spinal Subarachnoid invasion
Incomplete removal
Very Early Onset
386
What carcinoma is associated with limbic encephalitis
Small cell carcinoma (lung)
| Hodgkin Lymphoma
387
What is the most vulnerable to injury in radiation
dividing cells
388
Associated malignancy with cerebellar degeneration
Lung cancer
Hodgkin
Lymphoma
Ovarian Tumor
389
What is the most common of hemangioblastoma in SC
posterior column
390
Most reliable diagnostic tool in radiation associated brain injury
PET-SCAN
391
All GBM recur within how many cm of their original site
2cm
392
Basophilic cells in pituitary are responsible for synthesize of what hormones
ACTH
LH
FSH
393
Most common types of tumor in the foramen magnum
Meningioma > schwanomma > neurofibroma and dermoid cyst
394
How to treat PCNSL
Corticosteroids and RT
395
What chromosomes appear to correlate with good survival in patient with oligodendroglioma
Deletion of 1p and 19q
396
Responsiveness to PCV can be determined by the presence of the gene defect
Loss of allele of Chr 1p
397
The form of treatment of chordoma offers survival rate of
5 years without recurrence in 80%
398
This is a systemic lesion with prominent nodular pulmonary, dermal and lymphnode
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
399
Other condition that has anti-Hu antibody
Sjogrens
| Small Cell Ca
400
What is the treatment for angioblastic intravascular lymphoma
corticosteroids
401
Age of onset of optic glioma
before age of 15
| Mean age 3.5 years
402
Small round nucleus and halo of unstained neoplasm
Fried egg appearance
403
loss of long arm of Chr.22 in meningioma is due to
Deletion of Merlin
404
What channel is defective in chorea fibrillaire
K channel
405
Pineal tumor that tends to form pineacytomatous rosettes
Pineacytoma
406
What is the prognosis of gliomatosis cerebri
POOR
407
Pathological feature of ependymoma
rosettes around the blood vessels (pseudorosettes)T
408
This is a tumor like formation that has its basis in maldelevelopment
Hamartroma
409
The direction of CSF flow in the presence of suprasellar area
upward
410
What gene is associated with glioma and oligodendroglioma
IDH 1 & 2
