Nephrology

Question 1

Normal anion gap

Answer 1

8-12 mEqs/L

Question 2

Type of RTA that forms stones

Answer 2

Type I RTA (distal RTA)

Question 3

Type of RTA that has hyperkalemia

Answer 3

Type 4 RTA (hyperkalemia tubular acidosis)

Question 4

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause this type of RTA

Answer 4

Type II RTA (proximal RTA)

Question 5

Classic ECG patterns in hyperkalemia

Answer 5

• – 6.5 mM – tall, peaked T waves
• 6.5 – 7.5 mM – loss of P waves
• 7.0 – 8.0 mM – widened QRS complex
• 8.0 mM – sine wave pattern

Question 7

Hypomagnesemia causes these electrolyte abnormalities

Answer 7

• Hypocalcemia
• Hypokalemia

Question 8

ECG changes in hypokalemia

Answer 8

U waves

Question 9

Bartter syndrome resembles chronic use of:

Answer 9

Loop diuretic

Question 11

Most effective treatment of hypokalemia

Answer 11

Oral replacement of potassium

Question 12

ECG changes in hypercalcemia

Answer 12

• Bradycardia
• AV blocks
• Shortened QT interval

Question 13

ECG changes in hypocalcemia

Answer 13

Prolonged QT interval

Question 14

Twitching of the circumoral muscles in response to gentle tapping of the facial nerve (anterior to the ear)

Answer 14

Chvostek sign

Question 15

Carpal spasm induced by inflation of a blood pressure cuff to 20 mmHg above the SBP of the patient for 3 minutes

Answer 15

Trousseau sign

Question 16

Definition of anuria

Answer 16

<100 mL urine output in the past 24 hours

Question 17

Definition of oliguria

Answer 17

<400 mL urine output in the past 24 hours

Question 18

Definition of polyuria

Answer 18

> 3000 mL urine output in the past 24 hours

Question 19

Causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles

Answer 19

Prostaglandins

Question 20

Causes vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

Answer 20

Angiotensin II

Question 21

Can cause both prerenal and intrinsic AKI

Answer 21

NSAIDs

Question 22

Urinalysis finding indicative of acute tubular necrosis

Answer 22

Muddy brown casts

Question 23

Overestimation of true glomerular filtration rate

Answer 23

Creatinine

Question 24

Underestimation of true glomerular filtration rate

Answer 24

Blood urea nitrogen

Question 25

Diagnosis of CKD requires this period of functional kidney damage

Answer 25

3 months

Question 26

Most common cause of CKD

Answer 26

Diabetes mellitus

Question 27

Prognosis of CKD depends on

Answer 27

Glomerular filtration rate Albuminuria

Question 28

Anemia is universal at this CKD stage

Answer 28

Stage 4

Question 29

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality at any stage of CKD

Answer 29

Cardiovascular disease

Question 30

Bilaterally small kidneys support the diagnosis of CKD except these conditions

Answer 30

* Diabetic kidney disease * Amyloidosis * HIV nephropathy * Polycystic kidney disease

Question 31

Gadolinium should be avoided at this GFR level

Answer 31

<60 mL/min/1.73 m2

Question 32

Has strong association with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD stage 5 and earlier stages

Answer 32

Hyperphosphatemia

Question 33

Most common type of nephrolithiasis; unaffected by urine pH

Answer 33

Calcium oxalate stones

Question 34

Recurrent infection causing increased risk for struvite stones

Answer 34

Urease-containing bacteria (such as Proteus mirabilis)

Question 35

A common and readily modifiable risk factor of stone formation

Answer 35

Low urine volume

Question 36

Most clinically important inhibitor of calcium containing stones

Answer 36

Urine citrate

Question 37

Vitamin in excess that increases the risk for calcium oxalate stones

Answer 37

Vitamin C

Question 38

Urinalysis finding indicative of CKD

Answer 38

Broad, waxy casts