Nephrotic Syndrome Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is the primary kidney disorder causing massive protein loss in urine?
Nephrotic syndrome
Characterized by significant proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and massive oedema.
At what age range is nephrotic syndrome most common?
2 to 5 years
This age group is particularly susceptible to minimal change disease.
What are the PALM features of nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, massive oedema
These features help in the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome.
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Minimal change disease
It accounts for 75% of nephrotic syndrome cases in children.
What is the typical response of minimal change disease to treatment?
Good response to steroids
Steroids are the primary treatment for minimal change disease.
What condition in adults is linked to obesity and HIV as a cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
FSGS is a significant cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults.
Which nephrotic syndrome cause is associated with cancer and autoimmune diseases?
Membranous nephropathy
Causes include cancer, lupus, and hepatitis B.
What is the most common secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Diabetes mellitus
It is the most common overall cause of nephrotic syndrome.
What autoimmune disease is a secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
This autoimmune condition can lead to nephrotic syndrome.
What abnormal deposits are associated with amyloidosis?
Abnormal protein deposits
These deposits can lead to nephrotic syndrome.
What percentage of minimal change disease cases are idiopathic?
Majority
Most cases of minimal change disease have no identifiable cause.
What is the typical proteinuria characteristic of minimal change disease?
Highly selective proteinuria
Only intermediate sized proteins such as albumin and transferrin are present.
What is the first step in the investigation of nephrotic syndrome?
Urine dipstick for proteinuria
This test helps to identify the presence of protein in urine.
What is the purpose of the early morning urinary protein:creatinine ratio?
Quantify proteinuria
This ratio provides a more accurate measure of protein loss.
What is a common management strategy for minimal change disease?
Oral corticosteroids
Steroids are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms.
What complication is associated with nephrotic syndrome due to loss of antithrombin III?
Increased risk of thromboembolism
This can lead to DVT, PE, and renal vein thrombosis.
Fill in the blank: Nephrotic syndrome can lead to _______ due to loss of vitamin D and binding protein.
Hypocalcaemia
This loss can affect calcium levels in the body.
What should be done for diuretics in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome?
Used for oedema
Diuretics help manage fluid retention in patients.
