Nerve Terms Flashcards by Deion Del Mar

brain and spinal cord

Choice’s:
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Enteric Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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spinal nerves, cranial nerves

Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

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2 Types Of Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Motor division
- Sensory division
- Sensory function
- Parts of a Neuron

Sensory division
Motor division

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conscious control

Somatic Nervous System

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involuntary

Autonomic Nervous System

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3 types of Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System

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3 Types of Functions of the Nervous System

Choice’s
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia
Integrative function
Motor function
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Sensory function

Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function

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3 types in Histology of Neuron

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Axon hillock
- Axolemma
- Axoplasm
- Dendrites
- Fast axonal transport
- Interneurons
- Lipofuscin
- Motor neurons
- microtubules
- Neurons
- Neurofibrils
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Synapse
- Slow axonal transport

Neurons, Stimulus, Action potential

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nerve impulse

Action potential

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any change that initiates an action potential

Stimulus

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nerve cells that possesses electrical excitability

Neurons

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What are these a part of ?

Cell body (perikaryon/soma)
• Nissi bodies - free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Neurofibrils and microtubules - cytoskeleton
Lipofuscin - yellowish brown pigment
Dendrites - receives signals
• Axon - sends signals
• Axon hillock
• Axoplasm
Axolemma

Parts of a Neuron

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free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell body (perikaryon/soma)
• Nissi bodies

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cytoskeleton (2)

Neurofibrils and microtubules

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Yellowish brown pigment

Lipofuscin

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receives signals

Dendrites

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sends signals

Choice’s
- Action potential
- Axon
- Fast axonal transport
- Neurotransmitter
- Sensory neurons
- Stimulus
- Slow axonal transport

Axon

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3 types of Axon

• Axon hillock
• Axoplasm
- Axolemma

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site of communication between a neuron and another neuron or cell

Synapse

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Search gpt

Neurotransmitter

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moves materials at 1-5mm per day (anterograde)

Slow axonal transport

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moves materials at 200-400m per day (anterograde & retrograde)

Fast axonal transport

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3 Functional Classification of Neuron

Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neurons

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Structural support of the nervous system

Choice’s
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Ganglion
- Neuroglia
- Neurolemma
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Nucleus
- Integrative function
- Motor function
- Microglia
- Myelination
- Oligodendrocytes
- Satellite cells
- Sensory function
- Schwann cells

Neuroglia

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4 types of CNS: Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Astrocytes - largest and most numerous • Microglia - phagocytes/WBC • Ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid • Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin

largest and most numerous Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Astrocytes

phagocytes/WBC Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Microglia

produce myelin in CNS Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

produce cerebrospinal fluid ?

Ependymal cells

2 types of PNS

1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS): This part of the PNS is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body's sensory receptors (such as the skin, eyes, and ears) to the central nervous system (CNS) and for carrying motor commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary movements. 2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The ANS regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretion. It can be further divided into the sympathetic nervous system (which activates the "fight or flight" response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (which promotes "rest and digest" activities). These two divisions of the PNS play crucial roles in controlling various physiological processes and responding to external and internal stimuli.

produce myelin Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Schwann cells

regulate exchange of materials Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Satellite cells

• Axons can either be myelinated or unmyelinated • Neurolemmaouter layer of the Schwann cell • Nodes of Ranvier - gaps in the myelin sheath Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Myelination

_____ can either be myelinated or unmyelinated Choice’s - Action potential - Axon - Axon hillock - Axolemma - Axoplasm - Dendrites - Fast axonal transport - Interneurons - Lipofuscin - Motor neurons - microtubules - Neurons - Neurofibrils - Neurotransmitter - Sensory neurons - Stimulus - Synapse - Slow axonal transport

Axons

outer layer of the Schwann cell ? Is schwann from CNS or PNS ?

Neurolemma PNS

gaps in the myelin sheath Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS Choice’s - Astrocytes - Ependymal cells - Ganglion - Neuroglia - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier - Nucleus - Integrative function - Motor function - Microglia - Myelination - Oligodendrocytes - Satellite cells - Sensory function - Schwann cells

Ganglion

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Nucleus

bundle of axons in the PNS Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Nerve

bundle of axons in the CNS

Tract

myelinated rans Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

White matter

contains Functional cell bodies, dendrites, yelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Something yadayada matter

Graded potentials - short-distance communication • Action potentials - long-distance communication Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Electrical Signals in Neurons

short-distance communication Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Graded potentials

long-distance communication Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Action potentials

Exists because of a small build-up of negative ions in the inside of the membrane, and an equal build-up of positive ions outside the membrane

Resting Membrane Potential

Such separation of positive and negative electrical charges is a form of ________ Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

potential energy, measured in volts or millivolts (mV)

-40 to -90 mV (typical -70 mV) Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

RMP in neurons:

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be _________ Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

polarized

• Unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and ICF • Inability of most anions to leave the cell • Electrogenic nature of the sodium-potassium ATPases Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Factors of RMP

Small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more polarized or less polarized. Vary in amplitude, depending on the strength of stimulus. Most graded potentials occur in the dendrites and cell bodies Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Graded Potentials

What phase does the membrane potential becomes positive ? Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Depolarization

Occurs when membrane potential is restored to resting state Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Repolarization

Phase when it temporarily becomes more negative than the resting level

Hyperpolarization

cut-off for depolarization to occur at the ______

Threshold

about -55 mV in neurons Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Threshold

When will the AP not occur ?

Subthreshold stimulus

When does the AP occur ?

Threshold stimulus

AP Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Action Potentials

several AP will form Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Suprathreshold stimulus

An ___________ either occurs completely, or it does not occur at all.

action potential An action potential either occurs completely, or it does not occur at all.

____________ channels open rapidly Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Voltage-gated Na+

Influx of ______ causes the depolarizing phase of the action potential Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Na+

Inflow of Na+ changes the membrane potential from (1)_____ to (2)_____

1. -55 mV 2. +30 mV

All voltage-gated Na* and K* channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane. Choice’s - Action potentials - Depolarization - Electrical Signals in Neurons - Graded Potentials - Hyperpolarization - Na+ - Nerve - potential energy - polarized - Repolarization - Resting Membrane Potential - Resting State - RMP in neurons: - Subthreshold stimulus - Suprathreshold stimulus - Threshold - Threshold stimulus - Tract - White matter - Voltage-gated Na+ - -55 mV - +30 mV

Resting state

All voltage-gated (1)___ and (2)_____ channels are closed. The (3)______ is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of (4)______ charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of (5)____ charges along outside surface of membrane. Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

1. Na* 2. K* 3. axon plasma membrane 4. negative 5. positive All voltage-gated Na and K channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane.

Voltage-gated ____ channels are closed Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

Na+ Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed

Voltage-gated ____ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

K+ Voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions

Sodium-potassium pump Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

Repolarization Phase

What phase ? Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed • Voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly, causing outflow of K+ ions • Sodium-potassium pump

Repolarization Phase

What period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response to normal threshold stimulus ?

Refractory Period

Two types of refractory period Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

• Absolute refractory period • Relative refractory period

propagation of action potential that occurs along myelinated axons Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

Saltatory conduction

occurs in unmyelinated axons and in muscle fibers Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

Continuous conduction

• Amount of myelination • Axon diameter • Temperature Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

Factors that affect speed of propagation

Factors that affect speed of propagation (3) Choice’s - Absolute refractory period - Amount of myelination - Axon diameter - axon plasma membrane - Continuous conduction - K - K+ - Na - negative - positive - Relative refractory period - Repolarization Phase - Refractory Period - Saltatory conduction - Temperature - Factors that affect speed of propagation

• Amount of myelination • Axon diameter • Temperature

What is the largest diameter of myelinated axons; associated with touch, pressure, joint position, some thermal and pain sensations, and motor neurons of skeletal muscle ?

fibers

What fiber has a myelinated axons; constitute autonomic motor neurons ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

B fibers

What fiber has the smallest diameter of unmyelinated axons; associated with pain, touch, pressure, heat and cold, and autonomic motor fibers to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

C fibers

These are what ? • Axodendritic • Axosomatic • Axoaxonic Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Signal Transmission at Synapses

What are the Signal Transmission at Synapses? (3)

• Axodendritic • Axosomatic • Axoaxonic

Action potentials conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Electrical Synapses

What type of synapse is common in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the developing embryo ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Electrical Synapses

Which synapse has an advantage of a faster communication and synchronization ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Electrical Synapses

Separated by a synaptic cleft Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Chemical Synapses

Uses neurotransmitters for communication between cells Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Chemical Synapses

type of ligand-gated channel that has a neurotransmitter binding site and an ion channel Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

lonotropic receptors

contains a neurotransmitter binding site but lacks an ion channel Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Metabotropic receptors

Removal of Neurotransmitter (3) Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

• Diffusion • Enzymatic degradation • Uptake by cells

• Diffusion • Enzymatic degradation • Uptake by cells Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Removal of Neurotransmitter

What summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane at the same time ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Spatial summation

summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location at different times Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Temporal summation

summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane at the same time Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Spatial summation

Which neurotransmitter • Glutamate - brain synapses • Aspartate • ATP and other purines - both CNS and PINS • Nitric oxide - brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis • Carbon monoxide - vasodilation, memory, olfaction, vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti-inflammatory Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Excitatory

Which type of neurotransmitter • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) - CNS • Aspartate • ATP and other purines - both CNS and PINS • Nitric oxide - brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis • Carbon monoxide - vasodilation, memory, olfaction, vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti-inflammatory • Glycine

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Which neurotransmitter • Acetylcholine - ionotropic or metabotropic receptors • Norepinephrine - arousal, dreaming, and mood • Epinephrine • Dopamine - emotional responses. addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences • Serotonin - sensory reception, temperature regulation, mood control, appetite, and sleep Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Both

What is the most important neurotransmitter to the brain synapses ? Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Glutamate Glutamate is considered one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. It plays a pivotal role in excitatory synaptic transmission, which means it enhances the likelihood of a postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential. There are several reasons why glutamate is crucial: 1. Abundance: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, found in many neurons throughout various brain regions. 2. Learning and Memory: Glutamate is integral to processes like synaptic plasticity, which underlies learning and memory. It strengthens synaptic connections, allowing for the formation of memories and the ability to learn. 3. Brain Function: Glutamate is involved in a wide range of cognitive functions, including perception, thinking, and emotion regulation. 4. Neural Communication: It serves as a key messenger in communication between neurons, transmitting signals across synapses and influencing the overall network activity in the brain. 5. Homeostasis: Glutamate also plays a role in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain, which is essential for proper brain function. In summary, glutamate's abundance and central role in synaptic transmission and cognitive functions make it one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. It is fundamental to neural communication, learning, and memory processes.

What can indirectly influence both CNS and PNS ? (2) Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

ATP and other purines

What plays a role in neural signaling, regulation of blood flow, and functions related to these areas in the body like the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis ? Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Nitric oxide Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in the context of the elements you've mentioned. Here's how NO is related to each of them: 1. **Brain**: In the brain, nitric oxide serves as a neurotransmitter. It's involved in various processes, including synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. NO signaling in the brain can impact cognitive function. 2. **Spinal Cord**: Nitric oxide also plays a role in the spinal cord, where it can act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It's involved in the regulation of sensory information and motor control. 3. **Adrenal Glands**: NO has been found to have effects on adrenal gland function. It can influence the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol from the adrenal glands, which are involved in the body's stress response. 4. **Nerves to the Penis**: In the context of sexual function, nitric oxide is crucial. It's produced in the nerves that lead to the penis and acts as a vasodilator, relaxing blood vessels in the penis. This allows for increased blood flow and is essential for achieving and maintaining an erection. In summary, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that has diverse functions throughout the body, including its involvement in neural communication, hormone regulation, and sexual function, making it relevant to the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and nerves to the penis.

It is like NO, is not produced in advance and packaged into synaptic vesicles. It too is formed as needed and diffuses out of cells that produce it into adjacent cells. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter produced in the brain and in response to some neuromuscular and neuroglandular functions. It might protect against excess neuronal activity and might be related to dilation of blood vessels, memory, olfaction (sense of smell), vision, thermoregulation, insulin release, and anti- inflammatory activity. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Carbon monoxide (CO)

ionotropic or metabotropic receptors Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Acetylcholine

arousal, dreaming, and mood Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Norepinephrine

emotional responses. addictive behaviors, and pleasurable experiences Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Dopamine

sensory reception, temperature regulation, mood control, appetite, and sleep Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Serotonin

Found in sensory neurons, spinal cord pathways, and parts of brain associated with pain; enhances perception of pain. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Substance P

Inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of substance P; may have role in memory and learning, control of body temperature, sexual activity, and mental illness. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Enkephalins

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Endorphins

What is the name of the endogenous opioid peptides that play a role in both pain modulation and emotional regulation.

Dynorphins

Produced by hypothalamus; regulate release of hormones by anterior pituitary. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

Stimulates thirst; may regulate blood pressure in brain. As a hormone, causes vasoconstriction and promotes release of aldosterone, which increases rate of salt and water reabsorption by kidneys. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Angiotensin II

Found in brain and small intestine; may regulate feeding as a "stop eating" signal. As a hormone, regulates pancreatic enzyme secretion during digestion, and contraction of smooth muscle in gastrointestinal tract. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Stimulates food intake: may play a role in the stress response. Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Neuropeptide Y

capability to change and adapt Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Plasticity

birth of new neurons from undifferentiated stem cells Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

Neurogenesis

In the _____, damage to dendrites and myelinated axons may be repaired if the cell body and Schwann cell remains intact Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

PNS

In the ___, little or no repair of damage to neurons occurs Choice’s - Angiotensin II - Acetylcholine - Carbon monoxide - CNS - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Dopamine - Dynorphins - Hypothalamic releasing - Endorphins - Enkephalins - inhibiting hormones - Neurogenesis - Neuropeptide Y - Nitric oxide - Norepinephrine - PNS - Plasticity - Serotonin - Substance P

CNS

What type of channel is responsible for generating a depolarizing graded potential in response to pressure, and what is the resulting electrical potential called? (2)

1. Mechanically- gated channel 2. Graded Potential

What type of channels are involved in responding to a mechanical stimulus in the nervous system, and what kind of potential is generated as a result ?

1. Mechanically- gated channel 2. Graded Potential

1. Depolarizing graded potential caused by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine 2. What Potential ?

1. Ligand-gated channel open 2. Graded Potential

1. a ligand stimulus 2. What Potential ?

1. Ligand-gated channel open 2. Graded Potential

1. Hyperpolarizing graded potential caused by the neurotransmitter glycine 2. What Potential ?

1. Ligand-gated channel 2. Graded Potential

1. Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed, and the axon's membrane is at its resting potential with negative charges inside and positive charges outside. 2. What Potential ?

1. Resting State 2. Action Potential

1. When the axon's membrane potential hits the threshold, Na+ channel gates open, allowing positive charges inside 2. What Potential ?

1. Depolarizing phase: 2. Action Potential When the axon's membrane potential hits the threshold, Na+ channel gates open, allowing positive charges inside, causing membrane depolarization.

1. Na+ inactivation gates close, K+ channels open, initiating repolarization as K+ ions exit, and negative charges accumulate inside. 2. What Potential ?

1. Repolarizing phase begins 2. Action Potential

1. Continued K+ outflow leads to increased negative charge buildup inside, eventually restoring the resting membrane potential. When K+ gates close, the neuron returns to its resting state. 2. What Potential ?

1. Repolarization phase continues 2. Action Potential

Which Potential Propagate and thus permit communication over longer distances.

Action Potential

Which Potential Depending on strength of stimulus, varies from less than 1 mV to more than 50 mV.

Graded Potential

All Or None

Action Potential

Which Potential is Refractory period present

Action Potential Present; summation cannot occur

Which Potential Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon.

Action Potential

Which potential arise mainly in dendrites and cell body ?

Graded Potential

propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma and into the T tubule system initiates the events of ____________

muscle contraction

The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is (1)_______, but it is closer to (2)_______ in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. The duration of a nerve impulse is (3)_______,

1. -70 mV 2. -90mV 3. 0.5-2msec The typical resting membrane potential of a neuron is −70 mV, but it is closer to −90 mV in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. The duration of a nerve impulse is 0.5–2 msec

a muscle action potential is considerably longer—about ___–___ msec for skeletal muscle fibers and ___–___ msec for cardiac and smooth muscle fibers. Finally, the propagation speed of action potentials along the largest diameter myelinated axons is about _____ times faster than the propagation speed along the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber.

1. 1-5 msec 2. 10-300 msec 3. 18 times a muscle action potential is considerably longer—about 1.0–5.0 msec for skeletal muscle fibers and 10–300 msec for cardiac and smooth muscle fibers. Finally, the propagation speed of action potentials along the largest diameter myelinated axons is about 18 times faster than the propagation speed along the sarcolemma of a skel- etal muscle fiber.

What is a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse. It is the cell that sends a signal ?

presynaptic neuron

cell that receives a signal

postsynaptic cell

is the cell that receives a signal. It may be a nerve cell called a (1)_____ that carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse or an (2)_______ that responds to the impulse at the synapse.

1. postsynaptic neuron (post- = after) 2. effector cell

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1. axodendritic synapses 2. axosomatic synapses

synapses may be electrical or chemical, and they differ both structurally and functionally. Synapses are essential for homeostasis because they allow in- formation to be (1)______ and (2)_________.

1. Filtered 2. Integrated synapses may be electrical or chemical, and they differ both structurally and functionally. Synapses are essential for homeostasis because they allow in- formation to be filtered and integrated.

produce myelin in PNS

Schwann Cell

Which neurotransmitter • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) - CNS • Glycine Choice’s - ATP - Axoaxonic - Axosomatic - Axodendritic - both - B fibers - C fibers - Chemical Synapses - Diffusion - Enzymatic degradation - Electrical Synapses - Excitatory - fibers - Glutamate - lonotropic receptors - Inhibitory - Metabotropic receptors - Other Purines - Removal of Neurotransmitter - Signal Transmission at Synapses - Spatial summation - Temporal summation - Uptake by cells

Inhibitory

Nerve Terms Flashcards

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