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A&P RMT > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

action potential phase (5)

A

1) stimulus (threshold)
2) depolarization
3) peak of depolarization
4) repolarization phase
5) hyperpolarization phase

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2
Q

what cells are part of the CNS

A

ependymal
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

what cells are part of the PNS

A

schwann
satellite

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4
Q

what cells produce myeline sheath

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Schwann cells (PNS)

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5
Q

properties of cardiac tissue

A

involuntary
striated
pumps heart
one nucleus

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6
Q

what is muscle contractility

A

ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential

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7
Q

what layer is the epimysium

A

outermost

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8
Q

what is and what does hemoglobin do

A

a protein found in RBC that carries oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body

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9
Q

what is and what does myoglobin do

A

red protein in the sarcoplasm, only in muscle tissue, binds oxygen molecules, releases O2 as muscle fibres need it

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10
Q

what does the Z band do in a sarcolemma

A

separates one sarcomere from the next

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11
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do and what comes out of it

A

fluid filled sac that encircles myofibril, stores Ca2+ ions

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12
Q

steps of contraction cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis
attachment of myosin to actin
power stroke
detachment of myosin from actin

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13
Q

what a neuromuscular junction does

A

where a somatic motor nerve comes into contact with a muscle

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14
Q

whats in a neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic end bulbs
synaptic cleft
motor end plate

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15
Q

high precision = fewer muscle fibres per nerve (2-20) for intricate precise muscle activity - fine motor

A

low precision = many muscle fibres (2000-3000) for gross movements

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16
Q

where do muscles get oxygen from

A

bloodstream
myoglobin

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17
Q

what affects muscle tone

A

small involuntary contractions\

tear in muscle

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18
Q

slow oxidative fibres

A

dark red
lots of myoglobin
generate ATP by aerobic respiration
slow speed of contraction
resistant to fatigue

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19
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic

A

red-pink
myoglobin
fast speed of contraction
generate ATPby aeriobic respiration

20
Q

fast glycolytic

A

white/pale
few myoglobin
few mitochondria
lots of glycogen
generate ATP by glycolysis
fast speed on contraction
fatigue quickly
weight lifting

21
Q

what is a trigger zone

A

segment where the next action potential is triggered

22
Q

what is a synapse

A

the site of communication between neuron and effector cell

23
Q

define slow axonal transport

A

speed 1-5mm/day
moves materials in ONE DIRECTION ONLY

24
Q

define fast axonal transport

A

speed 200-400mm/day
moves materials BOTH WAYS

25
Q

what is a nissl body

A

the endoplasmic reticulum in a neuron

26
Q

what is the most common neuron in the body

A

multipolar

27
Q

what is the largest / most numerous neuroglia in the body

A

astrocytes

28
Q

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells (CNS)

29
Q

ligand gated

A

channels open or close when a chemical stimulus comes into contact

30
Q

volted gated

A

opens in response to a change in the membrane potential

31
Q

graded action potential

A

short distance communication
dendrites and cell body

32
Q

action potential

A

long distance communication
trigger zone

33
Q

what ions are moving in depolarization

A

Na+, K+, more Na+

34
Q

electrical synapse

A

use gap junctions
faster communication

35
Q

chemical synapse

A

transferred through synaptic cleft

36
Q

3 ways to remove neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

A

diffusion
enzymatic degradation
reuptake by cells

37
Q

diverging circuits

A

one presynaptic neuron stimulates several postsynaptic neurons

38
Q

converging circuits

A

several presynaptic neurons stimulate ONE postsynaptic neuron

39
Q

what nervous systems work together to balance homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous

40
Q

what is present for regeneration of a neuron

A

Schwann cells

41
Q

what makes speed of conduction faster

A

amount of myelination - More

axon diameter - larger

temperature - higher

42
Q

perimysium

A

encircles groups of fibres into bundles of fascicles

43
Q

what is a synaptic cleft

A

the gap between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell

44
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

propagation along myelin nerves

45
Q

what is an interneuron

A

mostly inside CNS
a connecting neuron between sensory motor neurons

integrates sensory information and response and activates the motor neurons

A&P RMT (7 decks)

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