nervous system

Question 1

action potential phase (5)

Answer 1

1) stimulus (threshold)
2) depolarization
3) peak of depolarization
4) repolarization phase
5) hyperpolarization phase

Question 2

what cells are part of the CNS

Answer 2

ependymal
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

Question 3

what cells are part of the PNS

Answer 3

schwann
satellite

Question 4

what cells produce myeline sheath

Answer 4

oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Schwann cells (PNS)

Question 5

properties of cardiac tissue

Answer 5

involuntary
striated
pumps heart
one nucleus

Question 6

what is muscle contractility

Answer 6

ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential

Question 7

what layer is the epimysium

Answer 7

outermost

Question 8

what is and what does hemoglobin do

Answer 8

a protein found in RBC that carries oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body

Question 9

what is and what does myoglobin do

Answer 9

red protein in the sarcoplasm, only in muscle tissue, binds oxygen molecules, releases O2 as muscle fibres need it

Question 10

what does the Z band do in a sarcolemma

Answer 10

separates one sarcomere from the next

Question 11

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do and what comes out of it

Answer 11

fluid filled sac that encircles myofibril, stores Ca2+ ions

Question 12

steps of contraction cycle

Answer 12

ATP hydrolysis
attachment of myosin to actin
power stroke
detachment of myosin from actin

Question 13

what a neuromuscular junction does

Answer 13

where a somatic motor nerve comes into contact with a muscle

Question 14

whats in a neuromuscular junction

Answer 14

synaptic end bulbs
synaptic cleft
motor end plate

Question 15

high precision = fewer muscle fibres per nerve (2-20) for intricate precise muscle activity - fine motor

Answer 15

low precision = many muscle fibres (2000-3000) for gross movements

Question 16

where do muscles get oxygen from

Answer 16

bloodstream
myoglobin

Question 17

what affects muscle tone

Answer 17

small involuntary contractions\

tear in muscle

Question 18

slow oxidative fibres

Answer 18

dark red
lots of myoglobin
generate ATP by aerobic respiration
slow speed of contraction
resistant to fatigue

Question 19

fast oxidative glycolytic

Answer 19

red-pink
myoglobin
fast speed of contraction
generate ATPby aeriobic respiration

Question 20

fast glycolytic

Answer 20

white/pale
few myoglobin
few mitochondria
lots of glycogen
generate ATP by glycolysis
fast speed on contraction
fatigue quickly
weight lifting

Question 21

what is a trigger zone

Answer 21

segment where the next action potential is triggered

Question 22

what is a synapse

Answer 22

the site of communication between neuron and effector cell

Question 23

define slow axonal transport

Answer 23

speed 1-5mm/day
moves materials in ONE DIRECTION ONLY

Question 24

define fast axonal transport

Answer 24

speed 200-400mm/day
moves materials BOTH WAYS

Question 25

what is a nissl body

Answer 25

the endoplasmic reticulum in a neuron

Question 26

what is the most common neuron in the body

Answer 26

multipolar

Question 27

what is the largest / most numerous neuroglia in the body

Answer 27

astrocytes

Question 28

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 28

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Question 29

ligand gated

Answer 29

channels open or close when a chemical stimulus comes into contact

Question 30

volted gated

Answer 30

opens in response to a change in the membrane potential

Question 31

graded action potential

Answer 31

short distance communication dendrites and cell body

Question 32

action potential

Answer 32

long distance communication trigger zone

Question 33

what ions are moving in depolarization

Answer 33

Na+, K+, more Na+

Question 34

electrical synapse

Answer 34

use gap junctions faster communication

Question 35

chemical synapse

Answer 35

transferred through synaptic cleft

Question 36

3 ways to remove neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

Answer 36

diffusion enzymatic degradation reuptake by cells

Question 37

diverging circuits

Answer 37

one presynaptic neuron stimulates several postsynaptic neurons

Question 38

converging circuits

Answer 38

several presynaptic neurons stimulate ONE postsynaptic neuron

Question 39

what nervous systems work together to balance homeostasis

Answer 39

endocrine and nervous

Question 40

what is present for regeneration of a neuron

Answer 40

Schwann cells

Question 41

what makes speed of conduction faster

Answer 41

amount of myelination - More axon diameter - larger temperature - higher

Question 42

perimysium

Answer 42

encircles groups of fibres into bundles of fascicles

Question 43

what is a synaptic cleft

Answer 43

the gap between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell

Question 44

what is saltatory conduction

Answer 44

propagation along myelin nerves

Question 45

what is an interneuron

Answer 45

mostly inside CNS a connecting neuron between sensory motor neurons integrates sensory information and response and activates the motor neurons