MIDTERM review

Question 1

4 types of tissue in the human body

Answer 1

nervous
muscle
connective
epithelial

Question 2

what is the cardiovascular system made of

Answer 2

heart, blood, blood vessels

Question 3

what is an atom

Answer 3

basic unit of a chemical element

Question 4

cations?

Answer 4

give away electrons - positively charged

Question 5

aerobic reactions need

Answer 5

oxygen

anaerobic do not

Question 6

synovial membrane vs serous membrane

Answer 6

synovial lines cavities of joints

serous lines body cavities that dont open to external environment

Question 7

cutaneous vs mucous

Answer 7

cutaneous - covers entire body surface - epidermis and dermis

mucous - lines body cavities that open to external environment

Question 8

characteristics of organic molecule cells

Answer 8

large and complex, CONTAIN CARBON

Question 9

ribosomes

Answer 9

site of protein synthesis
contains many RNA and proteins

Question 10

mitosis phases in order

Answer 10

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 11

cell junctions that create tunnels for communication are what junctions?

Answer 11

GAP junctions

uses proteins called connexins to form fluid filled tunnels called connexons

allow nerve impulses from muscular and nervous tissues to spread quicker

Question 12

adherens junctions

Answer 12

use cadherins to join cells, form adhesion belts

Question 13

desmosomes

Answer 13

made of protein called keratin, use spot welds

prevents skin cells from separating under tension

Question 14

hemidesmosomes

Answer 14

link cells to basement membrane

Question 15

order of layers in epidermis - deepest to superficial

Answer 15

basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum

Question 16

what is keratinization

Answer 16

newly formed cells from basale are always moving up accumulating keratin, undergo apoptosis and die, moving up until they reach the surface and slough off

Question 17

which layer of skin provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration

Answer 17

dermis

Question 18

which layer of skin is made of keratinized squamous epithelium and 4 distinct cells

Answer 18

epidermis

Question 19

what is the most common skin cell and what is the least common

Answer 19

keratinocytes - most common

tactile epithelial cells - least numerous

Question 20

functions of integumentary system

Answer 20

thermoregulation
blood reservoir
protection
cutaneous sensations
excretion & absorption
synthesis of vitamin D
emotional expression

Question 21

whats the muscle that attaches to the hair

Answer 21

arrector pili

Question 22

what color would skin be if you had lots of melanin

Answer 22

darker skin

Question 23

diff types of exocrine glands

Answer 23

sebaceous - oil
sudoriferous - sweat
ceruminous - wax
mammary - produce milk

Question 24

what are the ends of bones called

Answer 24

epiphysis

Question 25

what makes the extracellular matrix

Answer 25

in cells: protein fibers and ground substance in bones: 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystalized mineral salts

Question 26

arteries in bone entrances/ exits which area

Answer 26

blood vessels called Periosteal arteries and nerves enter bone through the periosteum via VOLKMAN'S PERFORATING CANALS

Question 27

compact bone vs spongy bone

Answer 27

compact - outside of bone, composed of OSTEONS or Haversian systems spongy - inside of bone - NO osteons

Question 28

what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification

Answer 28

development of cartilage model growth of the cartilage model primary ossification center develops medullary cavity develops secondary ossification centers develop articular cartilage formed

Question 29

what are intramembranous ossification steps (4)

Answer 29

ossification center develops calcification occurs formation of trabeculae periosteum develops

Question 30

what does endochondral ossification produce

Answer 30

produces cartilage making bone from cartilage

Question 31

what does intramembranous ossification produce

Answer 31

spongy bone

Question 32

hormones responsible for growth

Answer 32

human growth hormone insulin growth factors thyroid parathyroid sex hormones calcitonin

Question 33

simple squamous description

Answer 33

one layer thick, thin flat tile shaped cell

Question 34

what is an osteoclast

Answer 34

CONSUME BONE, BONE CARVERS BONE RESORPTION removes calcium from bone and deposits it into blood

Question 35

what is an osteoblast

Answer 35

BONE BUILDERS BONE DEPOSITION takes calcium from the blood and deposits into bones

Question 36

layers of medulla from inside out

Answer 36

medulla cortex cuticle of hair epithelial internal root sheath external root sheath dermal root sheath

Question 37

what is decomposition

Answer 37

taking one large molecule and breaking it down into two small molecules

Question 38

what is in the cytoplasm

Answer 38

organelles fluids skeleton everything BUT NUCLEUS and plasma membrane

Question 39

3 proteins to do with plasma membrane

Answer 39

integral transmembrane peripheral

Question 40

what do transmembrane proteins do

Answer 40

cross the entire membrane

Question 41

what is tissue called when scar tissue damage is extensive

Answer 41

granulation tissue

Question 42

what does tissue repair depend on

Answer 42

nutrition blood circulation age

Question 43

what does the eccrine gland do

Answer 43

secrete watery solution helps cool body down (thermoregulation) helps with waste removal

Question 44

what is the part of nail responsible for growth

Answer 44

nail matrix cells divide mitotically here region of nail growth 1mm per week

Question 45

growth in length

Answer 45

usually complete by 18-21 years old happens in womb, infancy, childhood involves interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate

Question 46

what are the 4 zones of activity in the epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 46

zone of resting cartilage zone of proliferating cartilage zone of hypertrophic cartilage zone of calcified cartilage

Question 47

what can increase bone mineral density

Answer 47

regular weight bearing exercise jumping

Question 48

what makes bone from scratch

Answer 48

intramembranous ossification

Question 49

what is bone remodelling carried out by

Answer 49

osteoclasts which are bone cells that resorb bone and dissolve in its minerals osteoblasts - bone cells that make the new bone matrix

Question 50

where does growth in bone happen

Answer 50

epiphyseal plate in metaphysis when growth is complete the plate grows over and becomes epiphyseal line

Question 51

describe periosteum

Answer 51

tough outer covering of the entire bone rich blood supply nourishes bone tissue assists in fracture repair attachment point for tendons contains osteoblasts attached to underlying tissue by Sharpey's Fibers

Question 52

what is perichondrium

Answer 52

dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage

Question 53

what is periosteum

Answer 53

dense layer of CT that covers bone

Question 54

what are the 4 distinct bone cells

Answer 54

osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes

Question 55

4 steps of how intramembranous ossification occurs

Answer 55

ossification center develops calcification occurs formation of trabeculae periosteum

Question 56

endochondral ossification produces what

Answer 56

cartilage