lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards by ash box

list the 4 basic tissue types

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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list each type of cellular junction (5)

tight
adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosome
gap

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what is the difference between edothelium and mesothelium

edno lines the entire circulatory system

mesothelium lines body cavities

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where would a simple cell be in the body

blood vessels
heart

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where would a stratified cell occur in the body

lining of the mouth

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where would a pseudostratified cell occur in the body

upper respiratory tract

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where would a squamous cell occur

sweat glands

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where would a cuboidal cell occur

kidneys

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where would a columnar cell occur

G.I tract

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what are two types of epithelial glands and what makes them different

endocrine - secretes hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine - secrets hormones in ducts

(mucous, sweat, oil)

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define epithelial membrane

combines 2 or more tissues make an organ with all 4 tissue types

simplest organ of the body

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what are the 4 types of membranes

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

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where does a mucous membrane occur

digestive tract
respiratory tract

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where does a serous membrane occur

pleura
pericardium

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where does a cutaneous membrane occur

covers the entire body

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where does a synovial membrane occur

knee
elbow

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what does the mucous membrane do

line interior body surfaces that do not open to the outside

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what do the serous membrane do

does not open to external environment

lines some internal surfaces

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what are 2 main components of connective tissue

cells

extracellular matrix (found between cells)

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what are the 6 cells of connective tissue

fibroblasts
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells/eosinophils
adipocytes
leukocytes

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list the different types of connective tissue (4)

embryonic
mature
supporting
liquid

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what are the protein fibres

collagen
elastic
reticular

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what are the 3 types of muscle tissue and where do they occur in the body

skeletal - throughout the body - VOLUNTARY

cardiac - heart muscle - INVOLUNTARY

smooth - lines blood vessels, stomach - INVOLUNTARY

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what is the difference between neurons and neuroglia

neurons PRODUCE nerve impulses

neuroglia NO nerve impulses

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what is fibrosis

scar tissue in CT

what is granulation tissue

scar tissue when damage is extensive in CT

what happens in aging to epithelial cells

get thinner

what happens in aging to connective tissue

becomes fragile

what happens in aging in muscle cells

loss of strength and mass

what happens in aging in nervous cells

action potentials become less efficient

what is a eukaryotic cell

complex cells WITH a nucleus

3 main parts of every cell body

plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

acts as a barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell controls the flow of substances in and out of cell helps identify cells participates in intercellular communication

what is the fluid mosaic model

the model states that the molecules of the membrane are continually moving depending on conditions they include many proteins and act as gatekeepers letting some materials in and out of the cell

phagocytosis =

cell eating

what is aptosis

the normal life span of a cell

what are the 4 phases of mitosis **

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

cytoskeleton filaments include what 3 things

microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments

what is a telomere

caps at the end of DNA strands to keep them from being destroyed by cells they decide how long we live

transport in and out of the cell via vesicles is called?

receptor mediated endocytosis phagocytosis bulk phase endocytosis

explain concentration gradient

substances are always moving down their gradient moving from high to low concentration

what are the functions of membrane proteins

form ion channels act as carriers act as a receptor act as an enzyme linkers cell identity markers

what lines hollow organs

epithelial tissue

hypotonic vs hypertonic

hypo- RBC swells, bursts and dies - too much water hyper - RBC shrinks and dies - not enough water

what is the plasma membrane

outer cell membrane that controls what enters or exits the cell

if it has a specific function - it has an organelle **

ATP is the currency for everything

4 functions of lysosomes

digest substances autophagy autolysis extracellular digestion

define cell junctions

the ways cells connect together the plasma membranes come into contact and they communicate and share nutrients

what are connexons

type of protein in a gap junction fluid filled tunnel that connects cells allowing communication

functions of epithelial tissue (4)

protects secretes absorbs excretes

what does endothelium line

the entire circulatory system (simple squamous)

what does mesothelium line

lines body cavities simple squamous in serious membranes like pericardium

what makes up the basement membrane (2)

basil lamina reticular lamina

what 3 components make up tissues

epithelium basement membrane connective tissue

what is a merocrine gland do

release contents into vesicles in the cell then out of the cell (no damage to cell)

what do apocrine glands do

release contents into cell by pinching off a portion partial damage

what is a holocrine gland

release their contents when cell dies whole cell dies

functions of CT

binds tissues together supports tissues strengthens other tissues protects and insulates internal organs major transport system in the body (blood) stores energy reserves main source for immune responses

where is the extracellular matrix found and what is it made of

between the cells, made of protein fibres and ground substance

what are some cells in CT

fibroblasts leukocytes adipocytes osteocytes macrophages plasma cells mast cells

what is ground substance

a fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous substance that supports surrounding cells and binds them together

what does ground substance contain

water hyaluronic acid proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans

what cells are excitable

neurons muscle fibres have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals called ACTION POTENTIALS

Phagocytes =

CLEAN UP CREW

when tissue is damaged if there is enough OG functional tissue left, repair is possible, the remaining tissue forms a new type called ?

fibrosis or scar tissue

when damage is extensive, the OG functional tissue left forms new blood vessels and makes new collagen fibres to produce a new type of CT called

granulation tissue - this tissue forms across a wound to provide framework to support epithelial cells that come to fill the gaps, the beginning of a scar

most common tissue diseases are autoimmune diseases **

they occur when our antibodies fail to recognize good tissue from diseased tissue and attack all tissue rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune disease

list some cells found in the body (10)

bone nerve sex endothelial cancer pancreatic blood fat skin stem