Lecture 1

Question 1

name the levels of organization

Answer 1

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

Question 2

define negative feedback loop

Answer 2

reverses a change, brings the body back to normal limits

**reverse back to original condition

Question 3

define positive feedback loop

Answer 3

bringing/pushing the body outside normal limits

**enhancing original conditions

Question 4

list the 4 body cavities

Answer 4

cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic, abdominopelvic

Question 5

what organ system controls B and T cells

Answer 5

Lymphatic

Question 6

list components that make up skeletal system

Answer 6

bones, cartilage, joints

Question 7

what is included in the integumentary system

Answer 7

skin, nails, hair

Question 8

list the 11 body systems

Answer 8

skeletal, muscular, endocrine, reproduction, urinary, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, nervous, integumentary

Question 9

list some organs in the RUQ

Answer 9

liver, gallbladder, right kidney,

Question 10

list some organs in the LUQ

Answer 10

stomach, spleen, pancreas, diaphragm

Question 11

list some organs in the RLQ

Answer 11

appendix, cecum, ovaries, uterus

Question 12

list some organs in the LLQ

Answer 12

small intestine, rectum, bladder

Question 13

list the 5 types of fluid in the body

Answer 13

1)cerebrospinal fluid
2)aqueous
3)blood plasma
4)synovial
5)lymph

Question 14

list the 6 characteristics of the human body

Answer 14

reproduction
growth
movement
responsiveness
metabolism
differentiation

Question 15

define metabolism

Answer 15

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

ex) turning food to energy

Question 16

list the 4 types of tissue and describe each

Answer 16

epithelial - covers body surfaces(skin)

connective -connects, supports, delivers blood

muscular - contracts to generate heat & move body parts

nervous - carries info throughout the body via impulses

Question 17

describe continuous tension
vs
discontinuous tension

Answer 17

continuous= muscle and fascia

discontinuous = bones

Question 18

define what a feedback system is

Answer 18

used to control and regulate body processes

RECEPTOR-CONTROL CENTER - EFFECTOR

Question 19

where does a visceral membrane occur in the body

Answer 19

covers organs

Question 20

where does a parietal membrane occur in the body

Answer 20

lines cavity walls (inside abdomen)

Question 21

list some examples of cells in our bodies

Answer 21

nerves
muscle
liver
epithelial

Question 22

define homeostasis

Answer 22

the body’s state of balance

** maintaining fluid is one of the most vital aspects**

Question 23

define tensegrity

Answer 23

an action in one part of your body will affect another part

Question 24

STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION

Answer 24

huge rule of A&P

Question 25

what are some organs in the RUQ

Answer 25

liver gallbladder kidney

Question 26

what are some organs in the LUQ

Answer 26

stomach spleen pancreas duodenum

Question 27

name some organs in the RLQ

Answer 27

appendix cecum ovaries uterus

Question 28

name some organs in the LLQ

Answer 28

rectum bladder anus small intestine

Question 29

what quadrant / region is the liver located

Answer 29

right upper quadrant right hypochondriac region

Question 30

list the 9 abdominopelvic regions and an organ in each

Answer 30

right hypochondriac - liver epigastric - stomach left hypochondriac - spleen right lumbar - gallbladder umbilical - umbilicus left lumbar - descending colon right inguinal - appendix hypogastric - bladder left inguinal - sigmoid colon

Question 31

define octet rule ** on test**

Answer 31

electrons always want to be paired to create stability

Question 32

define isotope

Answer 32

an atom with the same number of protons, but diff number of neutrons

Question 33

define ion

Answer 33

atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons

Question 34

define cation

Answer 34

give away electrons (+ charged)

Question 35

anion

Answer 35

gained/stole electrons (- charged)

Question 36

name 1 major function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 36

pumps blood

Question 37

define digestion

Answer 37

the breaking down and absorbing of food into substances that can be used in the body

Question 38

what makes up the skeletal system

Answer 38

bone, cartilage, joints

Question 39

name some glands of the endocrine system

Answer 39

pituitary gland thalamus hypothalamus thyroid

Question 40

what is the outermost shell called

Answer 40

valance

Question 41

The ____________________ determines what the element is

Answer 41

number of protons in the nucleus

Question 42

_______ determine isotopes

Answer 42

neutrons

Question 43

what is an atom

Answer 43

the basic unit of a chemical element made of protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 44

what is a proton

Answer 44

positively charged electron

Question 45

what is a neutron

Answer 45

neutrally charged electron

Question 46

what is a electron

Answer 46

negatively charged

Question 47

where are atoms most stable

Answer 47

outermost shell, VALENCE

Question 48

mass number =

Answer 48

protons + neutrons

Question 49

what is our body made up of

Answer 49

96% oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

Question 50

what kind of bond shares electrons

Answer 50

covalent

Question 51

which bond doesnt involve sharing electrons

Answer 51

hydrogen

Question 52

what is a chemical reaction

Answer 52

it happens when old bonds are broken and new ones are formed

Question 53

define exergonic reactions

Answer 53

reaction that releases energy

Question 54

define endergonic reactions

Answer 54

reaction that requires energy

Question 55

what is the law of conservation of energy

Answer 55

energy can neither be created or destroyed, but transformed or transferred from one form to another

Question 56

what is a catalyst

Answer 56

a chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction, made of enzymes that is usually a protein

Question 57

what are the 3 factors that affect a chemical reaction

Answer 57

1) increase in temperature 2) increase in concentrations 3) a catalyst

Question 58

what are the 3 types of mixtures

Answer 58

solution colloid suspension

Question 59

what is the pH of our blood

Answer 59

7.35-7.45

Question 60

buffer systems convert STRONG ACIDS into WEAK ACIDS OR BASES *****on test****

Question 61

what is a chemical element

Answer 61

a substance that cant be further broken down

Question 62

what is a molecule

Answer 62

group of atoms bonded together

Question 63

what is a compound

Answer 63

substance that contains two or more different elements

Question 64

what is a free radical

Answer 64

an atom with an unpaired electron in its valence reactive and unstable

Question 65

what is an ionic bond

Answer 65

a bond formed by a positive and negative charge

Question 66

what is an electrolyte

Answer 66

an ion that breaks apart into it's negative and positive parts in a solution

Question 67

difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds

Answer 67

polar= unequal non polar = equal

Question 68

define anaerobic and aerobic reactions

Answer 68

an= reactions that do NOT require oxygen ae= reactions that require oxygen

Question 69

what are the four types of chemical reactions

Answer 69

1)synthesis 2) decomposition 3) exchange 4) reversible

Question 70

define catabolism and anabolism

Answer 70

cata= reactions that break down large molecules to smaller ones ana= reactions that build up larger, complex molecules

Question 71

what does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean

Answer 71

hyrophilic = water loving, easily dissolvable hydrophobic = doesnt like water, doesnt dissolve easily

Question 72

which metabolic reactions uses water ? which doesnt?

Answer 72

hydrolysis: needs water dehydration: makes water

Question 73

what does pH scale measure

Answer 73

the concentration of (H+) or (OH-) ions

Question 74

what is the most common buffer system in our body

Answer 74

carbonic acid - bicarbonate

Question 75

what are the 3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 75

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Question 76

what is stored within or on a nucleic acid?

Answer 76

genetic information

Question 77

where is DNA and RNA found

Answer 77

DNA= inside of nucleus RNA= inside cytoplasm

Question 78

what is the most common form of energy the body uses ?

Answer 78

ATP

Question 79

what is a phospholipid

Answer 79

a molecule with a polar end and non polar end that makes up cell membranes occurring in a cell membrane

Question 80

name the 5 types of lipids

Answer 80

1) fatty acids 2) triglycerides 3) phospholipids 4) steroids 5)eicosanoids

Question 81

define triglycerides

Answer 81

protects insulates and provides energy most highly concentrated form of chemical energy available

Question 82

what is a protein (peptide)

Answer 82

large molecule constructed of amino acids bonded together

Question 83

what are the two broad categories of proteins

Answer 83

fibrous - insoluble in water globular - soluble

Question 84

what are 6 protein functions

Answer 84

structural - forms framework, like collagen regulatory - makes hormones contractile - allows muscle contraction immunobiological - make antibodies transport - carry vital substances catalytic - act as enzyme to speed up chemical reactions

Question 85

list some cellular activities that require energy

Answer 85

muscle contraction movement of structures inside of a cell movement of chromosomes during cell division