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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brian & Spinal Cord ( integration/reflex center)
- interneurons

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

divided into somatic, automomic, enteric nervous systems
- sensory and motor neurons
- 12 cranial nerves
-31 spinal nerves

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • voluntary nervous system
  • sensory neurons convey info to CNS
  • motor neurons conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Sensory neurons from visceral organs (lungs,
    heart, kidneys) to CNS
  • Motor neurons from CNS to cardiac, smooth
    muscle, and glands
    Involuntary
  • motor neurons divided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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5
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes
and stretching of the walls of the GI tract
* Motor neurons control contractions
(peristalsis and segmentations), and
secretions (acid in stomach, hormones, etc.)
➢ Involuntary

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6
Q

3 Functions of the Nervous System

A

Sensory, Integration, Motor

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Generate and Propogate impuslses

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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support nourish and protect neurons

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9
Q

6 Types of neuroglia

A
  • astrocytes
  • olgiodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • schwann cells
  • satelite cells
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10
Q

What is a ganglion

A

Cell bodies group in PNS

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11
Q

What is a nucleus

A

Cell bodies in CNS

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12
Q

What is a nerve

A

Axons in PNS

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13
Q

What is a tract

A

Axons in CNS

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14
Q

Grey matter

A

no myelin sheath, desicion makers

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15
Q

White matter

A

High speed travel

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16
Q

Where does action potential start

A

Axon hillock
come from graded potential and travel longer distances

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17
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Need a neurotransmitter to pass impulse along
Space is called synaptic cleft

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18
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

Protein channel to pass impulse
Faster communication
Heart beat

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19
Q

Where and what is the cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1 SC thicker because feeding upper extremeties

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20
Q

Where and whar is rhe lumbar enlargment

A

T9-T12 thicker because more nerves to feed lower extremities

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21
Q

Filum terminale

A

Anchors the spinal cord

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21
Q

Where is the major reflex centre

A

Spinal Cord

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22
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
Extends to S2

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23
Q

Spaces in the meninges

A

Dura Mater- Vertebrae = epidural space
Dura Mater - arachnoid mater = Subdural Space
Arachnoid mater - Pia mater=subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

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24
Where is lumbar puncture done and why
L3-L4 Spinal cord ends L1-L2 No joint space S1-S2 Thicker tissue L4-L5
25
31 pairs of spinal nerves where do they exit What kind are they
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal All exit through intervertebral foramina all mixed (S&M)
26
What makes cauda equina
Roots of lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerves
27
What makes a spinal nerve
2 roots from the cord - dorsal root (sensory) (ganglion) - ventral root (motor)
28
White matter of the spinal cord
Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus High speed travel Divided into columns (Dorsal, Lateral, Ventral) - contrains Tracts *anything posterior is sensory*
29
Grey matter of the spinal cord What do the horns do
Posterior (Dorsal) Horn - Incoming sensory neurons from the whole body Anterior (Ventral) Horn - Contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral Horn - Autonomic and enteric motor nuclei *anything posterior is sensory*
30
Cervical Plexus
C1-C5 spinal nerves supply head neck shoulders and chest C3-C5 keep the diaphragm alive (phrenic nerves)
31
Brachial Plexus - nerves and pathologys
C5-C8,T1 - musculocutaneous - axillary - radial- wrist drop - median: median nerve palsy - ulnar : ulnar nerve palsy (4&5 digit) - long thoracic: winging of scap
32
Lumbar Plexus
-L1-L4 abdominal wall, anterior part of lower limbs
33
Sacral Plexus
- L4-S4 - Sciatic nerve (largest nerve in the body) - Posterior portion of the legs
34
What is a dermatome
- area of skin suppliedby sensory neurons from a single spinal nerve - useful to determine neurologic levels
35
2 examples of Spinal cord Reflexes
Plantar Reflex (babinski sign) Patellar Reflex
36
How to best demonstrate intervertebral foramina
C-spine 45* RPO/LPO 15* ceph T/Lspine true lateral Sacrum: AP Axial 15* cephalad
37
What makes up the brain stem
Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
38
Meninges of the brain
Pia Mater Arachnoid Mater - subaracnoid space contains CSF Arachnoid Villi - finger like projections that project into deral venous sinuses (allow CSF into blood) Dura Mater (2 layers) - no epidural space in the brain
39
Falx Cerebri
Seperates 2 cerebral hemispheres In longitudinal fissure Ataaches to crista galli
40
Fals Cerebelli
Seperates 2 hemisphers of cerebellum
41
Tentorium Cerebelli
Seprreates cerebrum from cerebellum
42
Brain blood flow
Brain uses 20% of O2 and glucose and blood all the time even at rest Internal Carotid artery - Ant and mid parts of the brain Vertebral Artery - post part of the brain
43
Where is CSF produced & reabsorbed
Choroid Plexus in the wall of the ventricles Reabsorbed into the arachnoid villi to the blood stream
44
What is hydrocephalus
Reabsorption of CSF affected causing too much to be in th ebody at one time Can be life threatening
45
Where is CSF found in the body
ventricles, cisterns, subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord, and central canal of the spinal cord
46
Lateral Ventricles of the brain
C shaped structure containing CSF - frontal horn, occipital horn, temporal horn - frontal horn communicates with 3rd ventricle through interventricular foramina
47
Third Ventricle of the brain
Communicate with the fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
48
Fourth ventricle
Posterior to the pons Communicates with the subarachnoid space via 3 openings - median and lateral (2) aperatures becomes the central canal of the spina cord
49
Cerebrum Landmarks
Precentral Gyri Postcentral Gyri Central sulcus (divdes P & F lobes) lateral sulcus Longitudinal Fissure
50
Cerebrum Grey Matter
Outer layer (cerebral cortex) grey matter deep within the cerebrum 1. caudate nucleus 2. lentiform nucleus
51
Cerebrum White matter
white matter composed of tracts of neurons Corpus callosum
52
Frontal lobe
Primary motor area (skeletal) located at the Precentral Gyrus** Brocas Speech Area
53
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatic Sensory Area Area for Taste Wernickes Area- speech interpretation
54
temporal Lobe
Wernickes Area auditory and olfactory area
55
Occipital Lobeat
Primary Visual Area
56
Insula
Area for taste
57
Diancephalon
Thalamus: relay station for all sensory impulses except smell Hypothalamus: controls ANS Epithalamus: secretes melatonin & emotional response to odours
58
What is the limbic System
Emotional brain motivator
59
Midbrain
reflex centre for eye movement
60
Pons
controls breathing origin for CN 5,6,7,8
61
Medulla Oblongata White Matter
- Contains ascending and descending tracts to spinal cord - It has two pyramids formed by the largest motor and sensory tracts in the body. * Crossing over of the pyramids occur - Right side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the left side of the body
62
Medulla Oblongata Grey Matter
Functions: - cardiac centre, adjusts HR, BP, Coughing breathing rate Nuclei Origin for CN 8-12
63
Cerebellum White and Grey Matter
Grey Matter: folia (increases SA) & cerebellar nuclei White Matter: arbor Vitae - regulates posture and balance - smooths skeletal muscle contractions - ataxia caused by parkinsons or alcohol
64
Where are the Cranial Nerves and how many are there
- 12 pairs -part of the PNS
65
Cranial Nerves Names and S/M/B
Olfactory - Sensory Optic - Sensory Oculomotor - Motor Trochlear Nerve- Motor Trigeminal - Both Abducens - Motor Facial - Both Vestibulococchlear - Sensory Glossopharyngeal - Both Vagus - Both Accessory - Motor Hypoglossal - Motor
66
Trigeminal Nerve
V1- opthalmic ( sensory ) - passes through superior orbital fissure V2- maxillary (sensory) - foramen rotundum V3 - mandiular (both) foramen ovale - sensory: sensations from face, nasal cavity to pons - motor: all chewing muscles
67
What cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure and control eye movement
3, 4, 6 - oculomotor - trochlear - abducens - V1 of trigeminal
68
Whats located between the sinuses of the brain
venous blood
69
3 functions of CSF
1 shock absorber 2. Homeostatic Function 3. Circulation
70
Where do nuclei of the cranial nerves 3-12 come from
brain stem
71
Vestibularcocchlear Nerve
Vestibular: equilibrium and balance Cocchlear: sense of hearing
72
What does the vagus nerve do
- rest and digest - controls parasympathetic nervous system - stimulates digestive processes - longest cranial nerve
73
Where does olfactory tract go
olfactory centre of temporal lobe
74
Where does the optic tract go
occipital lobe
75
Where does the optic nerve pass through
optic foramen on lesser wing of sphenoid

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