Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
afferent nerves
A
sensory nerves that carry signals to brain
2
Q
efferent nerves
A
motor nerves that carry signals away from brain to muscles
3
Q
somatic reflexes
A
spinal or cranial, ex. withdrawal of arm in response to heat & pain sensations; based on skeletal muscle contraction
4
Q
deep tendon reflex
A
aka as stretch reflex, knee jerk reflex
5
Q
superficial reflex
A
gentle stim to skin & causes contraction
6
Q
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (rest & digest)
7
Q
enteric nervous system
A
controlling smooth muscle & glandular tissue in the digestive system
8
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
regulates organ systems through circuits that resemble reflexes described in somatic nervous system; targets cardiac & smooth muscle/glandular tissue
9
Q
the CNS contains all except
A
spinal nerves
10
Q
sensory nervous system transmits info from
A
peripheral sensors to CNS
11
Q
receptors that register the sense of pain are termed
A
nociceptors
12
Q
nerves that carry info pertaining to voluntary muscle action in response to sensory signals are termed
A
efferent
13
Q
nerves that carry info about sensory signals to the CNS are termed
A
afferent
14
Q
knee-jerk reflex is a particular example
A
deep tendon reflex
15
Q
which nervous system controls interpretation of sensory signals & voluntary skeletal muscle reactions
A
somatic
16
Q
when a motor neuron is inhibited, which of the following occurs
A
the muscle it innervates is relaxed
17
Q
which receptor interprets chemical stimuli such as smell and taste
A
chemoreceptor
18
Q
osmoreceptors respond to what
A
solute concentrations of body fluids
19
Q
mechanoreceptor interprets which type of stimuli
A
physical (pressure & vibration)
20
Q
general sense
A
distributed throughout body & has receptor cells w/in structures of organs; ex. mechanoreceptors
21
Q
special sense
A
has specific organ devoted to it ex eye, inner ear, tongue, nose
22
Q
sensory modality
A
sense & refers to way that info is encoded, how each is transduced
23
Q
submodalities
A
specific category of major five senses
24
Q
somatosensation
A
general sense of touch & can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temp, hair movement
25
processing of sensory info into cognitive pattern by CNS
perception
26
mechanoreceptors are stimulated by all of the following stimuli except
temp
27
receptor that is physically positioned close to a stimulus in the environment is
exteroceptor
28
receptors that respond to changes in fluid concentrations in the body are termed
osmoreceptors
29
when an internal or external stimulus activates sensory receptors, a ___ is generated
sensation
30
transmembrane protein receptors of target cells are activated by
ligands
31
gustation
special sense associated w/tongue
32
unami refers to the "savory" taste activated by L-glutamate when foods rich in ___ are ingested
proteins
33
alkaloids are antimicrobial molecules found in plant-based foods (like wine & coffee) that are rich in
nitrogen
34
the perception of hydrogen ions in the papillae generates the taste of ___ in the oral cavity
sour
35
steps for how ears hear: 1
1. sound wave enters ear
2. sound wave causes tympanic membrane to vibrate
3. this vibration is amplified as it moves across the malleus, incus, and stapes
4. amplified vibration is picked up by the oval window
5. pressure bends the membrane in the cochlear duct causing hair cells to vibrate
36
utricle & saccule of the vestibule are sensitive to changes in
head position
37
otoliths move....
in the direction of gravity
38
vestibule is primarily responsible for the sense of
proprioception
39
what is the function of the auricle or external pinna
to funnel sound waves into the auditory canal
40
what is the function of the eustachian tubes
to equalize air pressure across the tympanic membrane
41
wave-like motion of sound is transmitted into neural signals by the
organs of corti
42
photoreception occurs at the
retina
43
photoisomerization refers to
shape changes of transmembrane proteins of photosensitive opsin pigments
44
physical location where the optic nerve connects at the retina is termed the ____ of the eye
blind spot
45
the six extraocular muscles function to
move eyeballs in order to focus on an object
46
Cranial attachment points of the soft tissue of the eyeballs is the
orbit
47
snellen test demonstrates differences in
visual acuity
48
what is unique about vision at fovea
has the greatest sharpness of detail
49
merkel cells
mechanoreceptors that sense low-frequency vibrations aka type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors
50
bulbous corpuscles
transduces stretching of the skin
51
two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings
pain & temp
52
topographical arrangement
location of the sensory receptor relates to the location of the axon in the nerve
53
spinal nerves entering the dorsal root contain stimulation from
sensory neurons
54
sensations below the neck and thus conducted by spinal nerves are contralateral, meaning that
left side of brain is connected to right side of body & vice versa
55
when are nociceptors activated
when mechanical, chemical, thermal stimuli pass a set threshold
56
lamellated corpuscles in the hypodermis/subcutaneous respond to stimuli of
deep pressure
57
muscle spindles are receptors that function to
prevent over-contraction of a muscle & thus tearing
58
trigeminal cranial nerves conduct ___ to the brain for interpretation
somatosensation of the face
59
merkel cells in the epidermis function to
relay stimuli of mechanoreception
60
61
where is the left visual field processed in the brain
right visual cortex
62
where does visual processing occur in the brain
temporal & parietal lobes
63
what is the function of the thalamus
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
64
sensory topography & mapping refers to
identifying the locations of sensory receptors by the somatosensory cortex
65
the reason we perceive vision in 3D space is due to
monocular & binocular depth cues
66
the term homunculus refers to
physical areas of the cerebellum & their corresponding motor neurons
67
spinothalamic tract pathway is most associated w/
thermoreception & nociception
68
when neurons decussate, this refers to
neurons crossing one another, as seen when they cross the midline of the medulla before reaching the spinal cord
69
sound localization refers to
differences in the interaural time & intensity of sound reaching the ears
70
fasciculus gracilis contains axons located in the
lower legs & lower body
71
what is the optic chaism
area where optic nerves from each eye cross before entering the brain
72
gustation pathway travels along the ___ and ___ cranial nerves to the brain for interpretation
glossopharyngeal & facial
73
auditory stimuli are processed in the brain by the
temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
74
when neurons decussate, this refers to
neurons crossing one another, as seen when they cross the midline of the medulla before reaching the spinal cord
75
dorsal root ganglion are most associated w
mechanoreception & proprioreception
76
axons of the corticospinal tract are contralateral, meaning that
right motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the body, and vice versa
77
in which area of the cerebrum are motor functions primarily controlled
frontal lobe
78
expressive aphasia limits the ability to
produce speech
79
primary motor cortex allots most of its physical space for muscles that
perform fine motor movements
80
motor neurons send their signals from the cortex to the spinal cord ia
descending tracts
81
what is the prefrontal lobe associated w/ control of
attention & distraction inhibition
82
what determines the number of muscle fibers that comprise a motor unit
amount of precision of control required by the muscle
83
how does the cerebellum contribute to motor control by the frontal cortex
it compares cerebral motor commands w/ proprioceptive feedback
84
what is meant by a "coeloem"
fully-lined body cavity
85
sensory stimuli relay their impulses to the CNS via
ascending pathways
86
what is the thoracolumbar system responsible for
influencing effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system
87
signaling molecules that create physiological changes in the adrenal glands reach their effector organ via
bloodsteam
88
somatic nervous system controls ___, whereas the autonomic nervous system controls ___
voluntary skeletal muscle contraction, involuntary cardiac & smooth muscle contraction
89
the ___ nervous system prepares the body for "fight-or-flight" immediate activity, while the ___ nervous system restores homeostasis of the body w/ "rest-and-digest" method
sympathetic... parasympathetic
90
what is the thoracolumbar system responsible for
influencing effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system
91
where are the central neurons of the parasympathetic system located
on either side of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
92
another name for "adrenaline" is
epinephrine
93
an autonomic system synapse where norepinephrine is released is termed
adrenergic
94
the axons in the parasympathetic system are in close proximity to their target effectors. this allows for which of the following?
short postganglionic fibers
95
what does it mean that the autonomic system has "dual innervation"
sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions have competing inputs
96
in regards to the pupillary reflex, dilation is the result of the neurotransmitter ___, whereas constriction is the result of the neurotransmitter ___
norepinephrine ... acetylcholine
97
blood pressure is affected by the vessel's response to
norepinephrine
98
what type of receptor does norepinephrine bind to
adrenergic
99
autonomic tone is the resting state of organs
where sympathetic & parasympathetic input is specifically balanced
100
which of the following relays the emotional states of fear & anxiety to the hypothalamus
amygdala
101
autonomic & endocrine functions are under the control of the
hypothalamus
102
limbic system is primarily concerned with
emotions
103
where does the optic nerve project to in the brain before reaching the cerebral cortex for interpretation
thalamus & hypothalamus
104
autonomic & endocrine functions are under the control of the
hypothalamus
105
which of the following increases blood pressure & breathing rate in response to exercise
autonomic nervous system
106
the main pathways for the hypothalamus are the ____ and ___
medial forebrain bundle & dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
107
smooth & cardiac muscle of the cardiovascular center are under the direction of
medulla
108
which muscle type is capable of generating its own action potentials
cardiac
109
which of the following describes the role of nicotine when taken into the body
acts as an acetylcholine analog and binds to ACh recptors
110
mydriasis refers to
dilation of the pupil
111
what type of drug enhances adrenergic function
sympathomimetic
112
which of the following is a component of decongestant drugs because of its ability to dilate the bronchioles & help to clear mucus out of the lower respiratory tract
phenylephrine
