Tissues & Integumentary System Flashcards

(116 cards)

1
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

tissues

A

cluster of cells similar to each other & work together to perform function

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3
Q

name the 4 types of cells

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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4
Q

how many different types of cells in body

A

200

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5
Q

somatic cell

A

all body cells except sex cells

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6
Q

histology

A

microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, function

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7
Q

epithelial tissue function/place

A

sheets of cells cover exterior surface, internal cavities, forms certain glands

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8
Q

connective tissue function

A

binds cells & organs & functions in protection, support, integration of all body parts

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9
Q

muscle tissue function; name the 3 different types

A

responds to stimulation & contracting to provide movement; skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac

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10
Q

nervous tissue

A

excitable, allows electrochemical signals as nerve impulses that communicates w/rest of body

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11
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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12
Q

totipotent

A

each embryonic cell has capacity to to divide, differentiate, develop into new organism

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13
Q

ectoderm function

A

“outer”; epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary & adrenal medulla, nervous system, mouth, anus

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14
Q

mesoderm

A

“middle”; connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads

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15
Q

endoderm

A

“inner”; lining of airways/digestive system except mouth & rectum/anus, glands

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16
Q

tissue membranes

A

thin layer of sheet of cells that cover outside of body; connective & epithelial

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17
Q

connective tissue membrane

A

encapsulate organs & line movable joints

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18
Q

synovial membrane

A

connective tissue that lines freely movable joint so they can be lubricated & move freely

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19
Q

what attaches to connective tissue?

A

serous & mucous membranes (types of epithelial membranes)

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20
Q

examples of synovial membranes

A

shoulders, elbow, knee

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21
Q

synovial membranes release what type of fluid to be a natural lubricant

A

hyaluronan `

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22
Q

serous membrane

A

epithelial membrane; line cavities not open to outside, cover organs

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23
Q

cutaneous membrane (cutaneous membrane)

A

squamous epithelial membrane on top of connective tissue, dead keratinized cells are on top of this

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24
Q

basal lamina

A

mix of glycoproteins & collagen; attachment site for epithelium & connective tissue

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25
reticular lamina
secreted from connective tissue; basal lamina attaches to this and forms basement membrane
26
epithelial characteristics:
highly cellular, avascular (must get nutrients from diffusion/absorption), capable of secretion
27
name the 3 ways epithelia is connected
tight junction, anchoring junction, gap junction
28
tight junction
no extracellular space between them, which means they are selective barrier since no substance can move between them
29
anchoring junction
3 types; desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, adherens. these junctions influence shape/folding of epithelial tissue
30
gap junction
intercellular passageway between membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules; allows electrical & metabolic coupling of cells
31
name the 3 cell shapes
squamous (flat/thin), cuboidal (wide/tall), columnar (rectangular, taller than wide).
32
name the 2 descriptive terms for cell layers
simple (1), stratified (multiple)
33
simple squamous epithelium appearance & example
thin scales; ex. endothelium, alveoli
34
endothelium
epithelial tissue that lines vessels of lymphatic & cardiovascular system
35
mesothelium
simple squamous epithelium forms surface layer of serous membrane that lines body cavities & internal organs
36
simple cuboidal epithelium
active in secretion & absorption of molecules, lining of kidney tubules & ducts of glands
37
simple columnar epithelium
nucleus elongated; digestive tract & female reproductive
38
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells; found in respiratory tract
39
where is stratified epithelium
epidermis, lining of salivary ducts, male urethra, bladder
40
whats the most common type of stratified epithelium in the body
stratified squamous
41
endocrine gland
ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues & fluids; ex. hormones
42
exocrine gland
secretions leave through a duct that opens directly/indirectly to external environment; ex. mucous, sweat, saliva, breast milk
43
name the 2 types of exocrine glands
serous (watery, blood-plasma like secretions rich in amylase) mucous gland (watery rich in glycoprotein mucin)
44
name the 3 ways a cell releases secretions
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
45
merocrine secretions
most common type; secretion enclosed in vesicles that move to surface & released by exocytosis
46
apocrine secretion
secretion pinches off from cell & release; armpits & genitals release fatty secretions that bacteria breaks down=odor
47
holocrine secretion
rupture & destruction of entire gland cell; ex. oils on skin & hair
48
stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer, attaches epidermis to basal lamina
49
function of connective tissue
support/connect other tissues; transport fluid, nutrients, waste, and chemical messengers
50
mesenchyme
first connective tissue to develop in embryo
51
whats the second type of connective tissue to form in embryo
umbilical cord (mucous connective tissue)
52
what is the most abundant cell in connective tissue proper
fibroblast,
53
adipocytes
cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm; 2 types (white & brown)
54
mesenchymal cell
multipotent stem cell; can turn into any type of connective tissue
55
macrophage cell
type of blood cell; immune system & release small proteins that act as chemical messengers
56
mast cell
contain signals for histamine & heparin
57
collagen fiber
made from fibrous protein; flexible, strong, give ligaments & tendons resilience
58
elastic fiber
return to normal size after being stretched & compressed, in skin & vertebral column
59
reticular fiber
in liver & spleen; anchor & provide support for parenchyma (functional cells, blood vessels, nerves)
60
what is ground substance & what is it made of?
clear matrix of tissue; polysaccharides & proteins
61
where is loose connective tissue
between many organs, acts to absorb shock & bind tissues together; allows salts etc to diffuse through to adjacent tissues
62
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue that stores fat for energy & insulation
63
areolar tissue
contains all cell types; fills space between muscle fibers, surrounds blood & lymph vessels, supports organs
64
reticular tissue
mesh-like; supports framework of soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, liver
65
dense connective tissues
more collagen fibers than loose connective; two major categories (regular & irregular)
66
regular connective tissues
run parallel adds strength; ligaments & tendons
67
irregular connective tissue
direction of fibers is random & adds strength in general but not in one specific direction; dermis of skin is example
68
what are the 3 main types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
69
hyaline cartilage
most common; short & dispersed collagen fibers; smooth; found in rib cage & nose
70
fibrous cartilage
tough & has thick bundles of collagen fibers; menisci in knee
71
elastic cartilage
contains elastic as well collagen & proteoglycans; gives rigid support; ear lobes
72
what is the hardest connective tissue
bone; contains mostly collagen fibers
73
skeletal muscle
long cylindrical fiber, striated; voluntary, produce heat; attached to bones & entrance points of body
74
cardiac muscle
short, branched, striated; pumps blood
75
smooth muscle
short, spindle-shaped, no striation; involuntary movement, moves food/respirations/secretions; walls of major organs/passageways
76
how much of your body is made up of skeletal muscle
40%
77
nervous tissue
excitable & capable of sending & receiving electrochemical signals that provide body w/info
78
what are the 2 classes of nervous tissue
neuron & neuroglia
79
intercalated discs anchor cells
cardiomyocytes
80
astrocytes
regulation of ion concentration; uptake/breakdown of neurotransmitters & formation of blood-brain barrier
81
microglia cells
protect nervous system against infection; related to macrophages
82
oligodendrocyte
produce myelin in CNS
83
Schwann cell
produces myelin in PNS
84
which proteins are responsible for muscular contraction
actin & myosin
85
what is the cell body of a neuron
soma
86
function of myelin
insulate axons & increase action potential speed
87
angiogenesis
growth of new blood vessels results in vascularization of the new tissue know as granulation tissue
88
NSAIDS work to reduce pain by inhibiting synthesis of what pain causing hormone
prostaglandins
89
what are the 5 layers of the epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
90
91
dermal papilla
superficial portion of the dermis; strengthen connection between dermis & epidermis
92
basal cell
cuboidal-shaped stem cell
93
merkel cell
function as receptor; stimulates sensory nerves that brain perceives as touch
94
melanocyte
produces melanin
95
stratum spinosum
spiny; protruding cell processes that join cells via desmosome (strengthens cell bonds)
96
langerhans cell
functions as macrophage
97
stratum granulosum
grainy appearance due to keratinocytes
98
which two proteins make up stratum granulosum
keratin, keratohyalin
99
stratum lucidum
smooth, translucent layer of epidermis; only in palms, soles, digits; keratinocytes in this layer are dead/flat; contain eleiden (protein rich in lipids, provides barrier to warer)
100
stratum corneum
most superficial layer of epidermis; 15-30 layers of dead cells; protection; replaced by cells from stratum granulosum during 4 week periods
101
dermis
contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands; made of 2 layers produced by fibroblasts
102
papillary layer
loose, areolar connective tissue; collagen & elastin fibers form loose mesh; projects into stratum basale of epidermis
103
reticular layer
dense, irregular connective tissue; well vascularized & nerves
104
elastin fibers
provide elasticity to skin
105
collagen fibers
bind to water to strengthen skin
106
hypodermis
connect skin to underlying fascia of bones & muscles; well vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue & adipose tissues; fat storage & insulation & cushioning
107
how does the skin function as part of the immune system
by removing bacteria by continuously replacing epidermal cells
108
name of gland that produces sweat
sudoriferous gland
109
eccrine gland
produces hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation; coiled glands deep in the dermis; exocytosis release
110
sebaceous gland
oil gland; found mostly w hair follicles; generate sebum (mix of lipids) to lubricate dead/dry layer of keratinized cells; also antibacterial; stimulated by hormones
111
epidermal hairs are controlled internally by
arrector pili muscles
112
meissner corpuscle
responds to light touch
113
pacinian corpuscle
responds to vibration
114
basal cell carcinoma
affects mitotically active stem cells in stratum basale of epidermis; most common on head, neck, arms, back;
115
squamous cell carcinoma
affects keratinocytes of stratum spinosum & presents as lesions on scalp, ears, hands; second most common;
116
melanoma
uncontrolled growth of melanocytes; mole; most fatal