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Nervous System & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are parts of brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

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3
Q

Functions of brainstem? Cerebellum? Cerebrum?

A

Basic functions (respiration)
Movement/motor coordination/ motor learning
Personality, decision making, cognitive

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4
Q

What does peripheral nervous system have?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

Where do cranial nerves go to? Spinal nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves to the brain

Goes out to body

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6
Q

What does nervous system have?

A

Neurons and glia

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7
Q

What do neurons contain?

A

Cell body, dendrites and axon

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8
Q

Which are there more in nervous system: glia or neuron? What are glia functions?

A

Support/ nourish neurons
Maintain electrical balance by mopping up excess K+
Signaling

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9
Q

What type of neuron that is sensory and signal info comin to NS?

A

Afferent

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10
Q

What neurons that is responsible for motor and bein sent out of NS?

A

Efferent

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11
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Via action potentials

Synapses: presynapstic contact with post-synapstic and release neurotransmitter to create potential

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12
Q

What is it called if dense cell bodies in PNS? Dense axons of PNS?

A

Ganglion

Nerves

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13
Q

Why is the most dense axons called white matter?

A

Because of Myelin sheath

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14
Q

What is it called if dense cells in CNS? What is it called if dense axons in CNS?

A

Gray matter

White matter

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15
Q

What are nerves in primary afferent system?

A

Bundles of axons

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16
Q

What axon is surrounded by?

A

Endoneurium
Epineurium
Perineuriun

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17
Q

How does blood supply axons?

A

Blood supply via epineurium with capillaries

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18
Q

What determine the regeneration?

Why?

A

Dependent on how well aligned the connective tissue

Because it is easy for axons to grow across small gap and reach the endoneurium tubes

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19
Q

What happen if axons dont reach the tube endoneurium?

A

The axons die

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20
Q

What does meninges do?

A

Connective tissue enclose CNS

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21
Q

What tough connective tissue which is outer layer enclose CNS? What other name for it?

A

Dura mater

Hard mother

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22
Q

What is aracnoid? Its structure?

A

The second layer below dura mater that connect to deepest layer

Weblike structure

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23
Q

What is called “soft mother”?

A

Pia mater. The deepest layer of meninges

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24
Q

What is subaracnoid space? What circulate through it?

A 
Space btw pia and arcanoid.
Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
25
CSF functions?
Support/suspect the brain Protect brains Bring nutrients
26
What are major reflex center?
Stretc reflex, tendon jerk, scratch/wipe
27
Where does spinal cord extend fron and to?
Foramen magnum to L1 and L2 vertebrae
28
How spinal cord travels? How is it protected?
Travel in vertebrae canal | Bone/ ligamentso/meninges/ CSf
29
Why brachial/cervical are larger than others?
Because the need to innervate limbs and contain more motor neurons
30
Where do you find conus medullaries?
End of spinal cord btw L1-L2
31
What part lf interneuron is in? What is the other name for it?
Entire in CNS and not PNS | Intermediate zone
32
What does lumbosacral enlargment innervate?
Legs
33
How many pair of nerves is there for spinal segment?
A pair
34
What attaches to sacral hiatus?
Filum terminale
35
Where is cauda equina located?
Lumbar cistern
36
What grow more vertebrae or spinal cord?
Vertebrae
37
What is dorsal horn for? Ventral horn for?
Sensory | Motor
38
What and where is lateral horn?
Its preganglionic SNS | In lumbar and upper sacral
39
Spinal nerves is a mixed of what?
Sensory and motor
40
What is dorsal ramus? Where it goes to?
Mixed of sensory and motor. | It goes to deep back muscles and overlying skins
41
What is ventral rimus? Where does it go to?
Sensory and motor. | To remaining trunk and limbs
42
Location and number of spinal nerves?
``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
43
Why thoracic vertebrae are smaller than the cervical?
Because cervical has more axon (white matter) for arms legs and trunk
44
% of white/gray in cervical C1 and L4?
70-30% | 50-50%
45
What are meninges of spinal cord?
Dura Arachnoid Pia mater Denticulate ligament
46
What does pia mater make up?
Filum terminale | Denticulate ligament
47
Denticulate ligament? What is it function? Where is not founded?
Later projection of pia that attach to walls of vertebrae canal. Help suspend the spinal cord The brain
48
For epidura block, where do you insert your needle?
Into the epidural space
49
Where do you insert needle for spinal block/ lumbar puncture? What location to insert
In subarchanoid space | Below l2
50
How much blood the anterior spinal artery supply? Posterior spinal artery?
2/3 | 1/3
51
What are vertebrae arteries that supply for all over the spinal cord? What part of vertebrae is supplied solely by them?
Anterior/posterior spinal arteries | Upper cervical segments
52
What arteries supply the below cervical segments?
Anter/post segmental medullary arteries
53
Where does anterior/post segmental medullary arteries come from?
Branch of intercostal and lhmbar arteries
54
Where does give off intercostal arteries?
Thorax (btw ribs)
55
What is venous plexi used for? Why?
Alternate return path. Because its more flexible than arteries, it can be used to control blood volume
56
Dermatome
Strip of skin innervated by spinal nerve
57
Myotome
The innervation of muscle by spinal nerves
58
What is spinal cord?
Spinal cord is the continuation of brain stem
59
Where does spinal nerves depart from and to?
Spinal cord to become involved in PNS system

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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