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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (03.25) Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System > Flashcards

Neuro (03.25) Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System Flashcards

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1
Q

what 4 things make up the diencephalon?

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • subthalamus
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2
Q

the pineal gland is part of the _____ and secretes ____ which is secreted during darkness and used to regulate ____-____ ____

A
  • epithalamus
  • melatonin
  • sleep-wake cycles
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3
Q

paired structure near the base of the pineal gland

A

habenula

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4
Q

what are the two major inputs of the habenula?

A
  • stria medullaris

- limbic input

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5
Q

what is the output of the habenula?

A

habenulointerpeduncular tract

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6
Q

the thalamus is the relay center for all senses except what?

A

olfaction

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7
Q

what division of the thalamus have a dorsal tier and a ventral tier

A

lateral division

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8
Q

what three things compose the dorsal tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A
  • lateral dorsal
  • lateral posterior
  • pulvinar
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9
Q

what four things compose the ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamus?

A
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior
  • medial and lateral geniculates
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10
Q

what are the subdivisions of thalamic nuclei defined by?

A

internal medially lamina

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11
Q

what subdivision of the thalamus is the largest?

A

lateral

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12
Q

all thalamic nuclei (except reticular) consist of what two things?

A
  • projection neurons (provide OUTPUT from thalamus)

- interneurons (small and INHIBITORY)

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13
Q

what are the two types of thalamic INPUTS?

A
  • specific inputs

- regulatory inputs

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14
Q

type of thalamic input that conveys info of thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to cortex (or other places)

A

specific inputs

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15
Q

type of thalamic inputs in which the thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed to the cortex

A

regulatory inputs

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16
Q

what are the three types of thalamic nuclei?

A
  • relay
  • association
  • intralaminar
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17
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that directly projects the info it receives to an area of cortex (ex somatosensory cortex)

A

relay nuclei

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18
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that receive specific inputs from association cortex (ex. prefrontal cortex) and project back

A

association nuclei

*how you know that an animal that quacks is a duck

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19
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that receive distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures) and projects to cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic structures

A

intralaminar and midline nuclei

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20
Q

only type of thalamic nuclei that has no projections to cortex

A

reticular nuclei

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21
Q

what are the two inputs of reticular nucleus?

A
  • cortex

- thalamus

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22
Q

what is the output of reticular nuclei?

A

inhibitory axons to thalamus

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23
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for hearing

A

medial geniculate

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24
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for vision

A

lateral geniculate

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25
thalamic nucleus that is a sensory relay nucleus for the face
ventral posterior medial
26
thalamic nucleus that is a sensory relay nucleus for the body
ventral posterior lateral
27
thalamic nucleus that are motor relay nuclei
- ventral anterior | - ventral lateral
28
thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for the limbic system
anterior
29
thalamic nucleus that is a component of the reticular activating system
intralaminar
30
VPL and VPM are used in the ____ relay nuclei
sensory
31
VA and VL are used in the ____ relay nuclei
motor
32
anterior and LD are used in the ____ relay nuclei
limbic
33
what are the two huge areas of association cortex?
- DM | - pulvinar
34
what two types of fibers pass through the internal capsule
- thalamocortical | - corticothalamic
35
the internal capsule has almost all fibers going to and from the ____ and collects to form the ____ _____
- cortex | - cerebral peduncles
36
what are the five parts of the internal capsule?
- anterior limb - posterior limb - genu - retrolenticular - sublenticular
37
what two things are in the anterior limb of the internal capsule
- lenticular nucleus | - caudate
38
what two things are in the posterior limb of the internal capsule
- lenticular nucleus (same as anterior) | - thalamus
39
where is the genu of the internal capsule located?
between anterior and posterior limbs
40
the LIMBIC SYSTEM generates ___/___ from sensory inputs and has evolved to promote ____ so variable depending on physiologic needs
- feelings/emotions | - survival
41
the limbic system bridges what two things?
- autonomic/voluntary responses | - environmental changes
42
the hypothalamus is critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and somatic functions and maintains physiological range or ____
homeostasis
43
what are the three main types of connections of the hypothalamus?
- interconnected with limbic system - output to pituitary - interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei
44
the lateral part of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of ____ ____
reticular formation
45
the prevent of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of what?
periaqueductal gray
46
what are the two general areas of hypothalamic inputs
- parts of forebrain (especially limbic system) | - brainstem and spinal cord
47
the ______ controls both pituitary lobes
hypothalamus
48
part of the limbic system and is more involved with EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
amygdala
49
part of the limbic system and is more involved with LEARNING AND MEMORY
hippocampus
50
the amygdala is in association with what thalamic nucleus?
dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
51
the hippocampus is in association with what thalamic nucleus?
anterior nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies
52
what are the three nuclear groups of the amygdala?
- medial (olfaction) - central-hypothal (emotion) - basolateral-cortex (emotion)
53
amygdala input from hypothalamus and septal nuclei
stria terminalis
54
amygdala input from thalamus, hypothalamus, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex
ventral amygdala
55
amygdala input from olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex
lateral olfactory tract
56
amygdala input form the temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus occurs ____
directly
57
fibers leave amygdala via what two pathways?
- stria terminalis | - VAG pathway
58
drive-related information to influence movement/behavior that associates stimuli with rewards
limbic loop in basal ganglia
59
concerning the limbic loop in basal ganglia, pleasure results in an increase in VS _____ release
dopamine
60
the amygdala links perception of object/situation with correct emotional response, especially in (but not limited to) the case of ____
danger
61
____ and ___ inform the amygdala about situations or objects in the environment
- thalamus - cortex *inputs
62
___ and ___ ___ inform amygdala about current physiologic and emotional state
- hypothalamus - limbic system *inputs
63
amygdala outputs to what three places initiate EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
- ventral striatum - hypothalamus - brainstem
64
amygdala outputs to ____ increases awareness
cortex
65
bilateral temporal lobe injury, involves amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus in which people or animals become fearless, placid, no emotional reactions, don't respond to threats from others, and don't flee from threats (amygdala damage)
kluver-bucy syndrome
66
in kluver-bucy syndrome, males become _____ and sniff and examine everything ____
- hypersexual | - orally (if they can eat it they will)
67
regarding kluver-bucy syndrome, people may pick up same object repeatedly as they seem to recognize nothing, this is due to damage of what?
visual association cortex
68
during bilateral removal of hippocampi impaired declarative memory, a patient could not form what three types of memory?
- episodic (past personal experiences) - semantic (ideas related to personal experiences ex state capitals) - working (form new skills
69
the fornix has a long course under the ___ ___ and it is an important ____ OUTPUT pathway
- corpus callosum | - hippocampal
70
what are the three zones of the hippocampus?
- dentate gyrus - hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis) - subiculum
71
the subiculum is a zone of the hippocampus and is the transition between what two things?
- hippocampus proper | - parahippocampal cortex
72
the hippocampus get afferent fibers form ___ ___
sensory cortex
73
regarding hippocampal output-input, entorhinal cortex projects to ____ ____
dentate gyrus (via perforant pathway)
74
regarding hippocampal output-input, the dentate neuron projects to what?
CA3
75
regarding hippocampal output-input, the CA3 neuron projects into what two things?
- fimbria | - CA1
76
regarding hippocampal output-input, the CA1 neuron projects to ____
subiculum
77
regarding hippocampal output-input, the subiculum projects to ____
fimbria (via alvear pathway)
78
regarding the hippocampus, the ____ ____ is the major source of afferents
entorhinal cortex
79
regarding the hippocampus, most of the efferents come from ____, mostly going through the ____
- subiculum | - fornix
80
interations among limbic structures, cortex, and hypothalamus that propose that emotional experiences were processed
papez circuit

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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