Neuro (04.03) Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

the cerebral cortex is ___ the brain’s weight and has an area of nearly ____ square feet. it is most highly developed in ____ and plays a role in language, abstract thinking, and adaptations to environment

Answer 1

• 1/2
• 2
• humans

Question 2

the ____ makes up most of the cortex and is composed of ___ layers which account for 95% of the cortex in humans

Answer 2

• neurocortex

- 6

Question 3

3 layers of the cerebral cortex at the BASE of the brain

Answer 3

paleocortex

Question 4

3 layers of the cerebral cortex which composes most of the hippocampus

Answer 4

archicortex

Question 5

most prevalent type of neuron in the cortex

Answer 5

pyramid cell

Question 6

pyramidal cells have ____ synapses

Answer 6

excitatory (glutamate)

Question 7

preferential site of excitatory synapses on a pyramidal cell

Answer 7

dendritic spine

Question 8

dentritic spines are suggested to be sites of ____ that are selectively modified as a result of ___

Answer 8

• synapses

- learning

Question 9

small changes in spine configuration lead to what?

Answer 9

electrical properties and in turn synapse efficacy

Question 10

some forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor ___ ___

Answer 10

spine development

*autism, fragile X syndrome, etc

Question 11

cortical neuron that tends to have short axons that remain in the cortex and are very diverse

Answer 11

nonpyramidal cell

Question 12

non pyramidal cells mostly make ___ ___ and are principle ___ of the cortex

Answer 12

• inhibitory (GABA) synapses

- interneurons

Question 13

what are the six layers of the neocortex form superficial to deep

Answer 13

• molecular layer
• external granular layer
• external pyramidal layer
• internal granular layer
• internal pyramidal layer
• multiform layer

Question 14

in what layer of the neocortex can the outer band of bailarger (line of gennari) be found

Answer 14

internal granular layer

Question 15

in the neocortex, areas that send off long axons have more ____ ____

Answer 15

pyramidal cells

Question 16

in the neocortex, ___ ___ areas project to nearby cortex so there is no need for long axons so fewer pyramidal cells

Answer 16

primary sensory

Question 17

regarding the neocortex, granular and agranular cortex is ____ ____

Answer 17

irregularly distributed

Question 18

brodmann characterized 44 areas with ____ ____

Answer 18

imprecise boundaries

Question 19

the neocortex is as tightly correlated with ___ as once thought

Answer 19

function

Question 20

the total cortical volume is rather ___ , but there is a large variation in ___ ___ sizes among individuals

Answer 20

• constant

- brodmann area

Question 21

name of the person who had severe left prefrontal lobe damage and lived

Answer 21

phineas gage

Question 22

regarding neocortical regions, the primary sensory areas receive info from ___ ___ ___ ____

Answer 22

thalamic sensory relay nuclei

Question 23

regarding neocortical regions, the primary motor areas give rise to much of the ____ ___

Answer 23

corticospinal tract

Question 24

the sensory areas of the cortex have a ____ organization

Answer 24

topographical

Question 25

the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ____ ___ in the ___ lobe. it deals with initial processing of _____ and ____ info

Answer 25

- postcentral gyrus - parietal - tactile - proprioceptive

Question 26

the inferior parietal lobe of ONE hemisphere (usually ___) is involved with ___ ____

Answer 26

- left | - language comprehension

Question 27

the majority of the parietal lobe deals with what?

Answer 27

complex aspects of spatial organization and directing attention

Question 28

the primary visual cotex is located in the banks of the ___ ___ in the ___ lobe

Answer 28

- calcarine sulcus | - occipital lobe

Question 29

the visual association cortex is involved with what?

Answer 29

higher order visual processing

Question 30

what can occur if there is bilateral injury to inferior occipital lobe

Answer 30

color blindness

Question 31

what can occur if there is bilateral injury to occipital-temporal junction?

Answer 31

motion blindness

Question 32

the primary auditory cortex is in the ____ ____ ___ on the SUPERIOR SURFACE of the ____ ___ ____

Answer 32

- transverse temporal gyri | - superior temporal gyrus

Question 33

wernike's area is on the ____ aspect of one hemisphere (usually ____) and is involved in ____ ____

Answer 33

- posterior - left - language comprehesion

Question 34

the ____ lobe is also involved with HIGHER ORDER visual processing

Answer 34

temporal

Question 35

the gustatory cortex is in what two places?

Answer 35

- frontal lobe (operculum) | - insula

Question 36

the vestibular cotex is in what two places?

Answer 36

- superior temporal gyrus | - posterior insula

Question 37

the primary olfactory cortex is ____, NOT _____

Answer 37

- paleocortical | - neocortical

Question 38

name of the cortex that covers the amygdala

Answer 38

periamygdaloid cortex

Question 39

broca's area is found on the ___ ___ ___ in the ____ lobe. it is usually found on the ___ hemisphere and deals with the production of ____ and ___ language

Answer 39

- inferior frontal gyrus - frontal - left - spoken - written

Question 40

the majority of the frontal lobe that deals with executive functions (personality, foresight, and insight)

Answer 40

prefontal cortex

Question 41

areas that mediate higher mental functions such as language, art, music, etc

Answer 41

association areas

Question 42

what are the two types of association areas?

Answer 42

- unimodal | - multimodal

Question 43

type of association cortex that is devoted to elaborating on business of primary area (adjacent to the area)

Answer 43

unimodal association area

Question 44

type of association cortex that deals with high level intellectual functions and is inferior to parietal lobule and comprises much of the frontal and temporal lobes

Answer 44

multimodal association area

Question 45

hemisphere that produces and comprehends language

Answer 45

dominant hemisphere

Question 46

the ____ hemisphere is dominant in most ppl

Answer 46

left *even those who are left handed

Question 47

cortical language areas are located near the ___ ___

Answer 47

lateral sulcus

Question 48

the lateral sulcus extends further posteriorly on the ___ hemisphere bc the ___ ___ is larger on the left

Answer 48

- right | - plantum temporale

Question 49

part of the superior temporal gyrus posterior to primary auditory cortex

Answer 49

planum temporale

Question 50

broca's area and wernicke's area are known as?

Answer 50

perisylvian language areas

Question 51

inability to use language, lose the use of, or access to symbols humans use as concepts (i.e. words)

Answer 51

aphasia

Question 52

brocas and wernickes areas provide framework for two broad types of aphasia that depend on what?

Answer 52

how easily words are produced *either fluent or nonfluent

Question 53

aphasia that can make few written or spoken words. it is very difficult to produce words. all detail and meaning in sentences is lost. you are still able to comprehend language though

Answer 53

nonfluent aphasia

Question 54

nonfluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area

Answer 54

broca's

Question 55

type of aphasia where the pt can still write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences is incorrect. there is little linguistic content. they substitute words and make up words

Answer 55

fluent aphasia

Question 56

fluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area

Answer 56

wernicke's

Question 57

done in fluent aphasia where pts substitute one letter or word for another

Answer 57

paraphasia

Question 58

done in fluent aphasia where pts make up new words

Answer 58

neologisms

Question 59

interconnects brocas area to wernickes (damage to wernickes leaves brocas area unchecked)

Answer 59

arcuate fasciculous

Question 60

musical aspects of speech that are formed in the right hemisphere

Answer 60

prosody

Question 61

what part of the right hemisphere produces prosody?

Answer 61

right inferior frontal gyrus

Question 62

what part of the right hemisphere comprehends prosody?

Answer 62

right posterior temporoparietal region

Question 63

what are the three types of unimoda areas in the parietal cortex?

Answer 63

- visual association cortex - auditory associaiton areas - somatosensory

Question 64

damage to the unimodal areas of the parietal cortex can cause what?

Answer 64

specific agnosias (inability to recognize faces or perceive movement)

Question 65

the parietal cortex monitors the relationships of the ___ with the ____ ___

Answer 65

- body | - outside world

Question 66

if there is right parietal lobe damage, what could happen?

Answer 66

- patient has trouble with left side of the body | - patient may deny something is wrong with the limb

Question 67

occurs during right parietal lobe damage in which the patient will ignore the contralateral half of the body to the injured parietal lobe. they may deny something is wrong with the left limb and be convinced that the limb is someone else's

Answer 67

contralateral neglect

Question 68

when there is left parietal lobe damage, what could happen?

Answer 68

-apraxis (lack of action)

Question 69

apraxis occurs during ___ parietal lobe injury and is when pts are unable to perform certain ____ such as touching their finger to their nose (they can scratch the itch on their face though)

Answer 69

- left | - actions

Question 70

frontal lobe anterior to primary motor and supplemental motor cortices

Answer 70

prefrontal cortex

Question 71

the prefrontal cortex controls activities of other ____ ___ and underlies ____ ____

Answer 71

- cortical areas | - executive functions

Question 72

the prefrontal cortex is interconnected with the _____ ___ of the thalamus

Answer 72

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 73

what are the two broad types of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 73

- dorsolateral | - ventromedial

Question 74

broad type of the prefrontal cortex that is involved with working memory "keep in mind", problems planning, solving problems, and maintaining attention

Answer 74

dorsolateral (over the lateral convexity)

Question 75

broad type of the prefrontal cortex that if damaged makes people impulsive to the point where they can't suppress inappropriate responses/emotions

Answer 75

ventromedial (extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas)

Question 76

what are the two commisures ?

Answer 76

- corpus callosum | - anterior commissure

Question 77

predominate interconnection between hemispheres

Answer 77

corpus callosum

Question 78

interconnects temporal lobes (inferior), and anterior olfactory nuclei

Answer 78

anterior commissure

Question 79

regarding the corpus callosum, all parts of the brain receive commissural fibers EXCEPT the ___ area of the somatosensory and motor cortex and parts of the ____ cortex

Answer 79

- hand | - visual

Question 80

disconnection syndromes can result from what?

Answer 80

white matter damage

Question 81

disconnection syndromes cause ____ without ___ meaning that the pt can ____ but cannot ____. it is very rare and are mostly caused by ____

Answer 81

- alexia - agraphia - write - read - stroke

Question 82

association bundles interconnect areas of ____ ____

Answer 82

one hemisphere (no cross)

Question 83

what type of fibers in association bundles are short?

Answer 83

U-fibers

Question 84

the ____ fibers of association bundles travel to different lobes

Answer 84

long