Neuro Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
Branchial Clefts are derived from
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
Branchial Pouches are derived from
A
Endoderm
3
Q
Branchial Arches are derived from
A
Mesoderm
4
Q
1st Branchial Cleft produces
A
External auditory meatus
5
Q
2-4 Branchial Clefts produce
A
temporary cervical sinuses
6
Q
If the temporary cervical sinuses persists –>
A
Branchial Cleft cyst on the lateral neck (doesn’t move w/ swallowing)
7
Q
What other cyst may be confused w/ a Branchial Cleft cyst?
A
Thyroglossal cyst (midline, moves w/ swallowing)
8
Q
1st Branchial Pouch produces
A
middle ear cavity, eustachian tubes, mastoid air cells
9
Q
2nd Branchial Pouch produces
A
epithelial lining of the tonsils
10
Q
3rd Branchial Pouch produces
A
thyroid & inferior parathyroid glands
11
Q
4th Branchial Pouch produces
A
superior parathyroid glands
12
Q
DiGeorge Syndrome
A
failure of the 3 & 4 branchial pouches to develop –> absent thymus & parathyroid glands –> T-cell immunodeficiency & hypocalcemia
13
Q
1st Branchial Arch produces what cartilage
A
Meckel’s cartilage: mandible, mandible ligament, malleus, incus
14
Q
1st Branchial Arch produces what muscles
A
mm of mastication: masseter, medial/lateral pterygoids, temporalis, mylohyoid, Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini, ant. 2/3 of tongue
15
Q
1st Branchial Arch produces what nerve
A
CN V2 & V3
16
Q
Failure of Branchial Arch 1 cells to migrate
A
Treacher-Collins Syndrome
17
Q
2nd Branchial Arch produces what cartilage
A
stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid
18
Q
2nd Branchial Arch produces what muscles
A
mm. of facial expression: stapedius, stylohyoid
19
Q
2nd Branchial Arch produces what nerve
A
CN 7
20
Q
3rd Branchial Arch produces what muscle
A
stylopharyngeal m.
21
Q
3rd Branchial Arch produces what nerve
A
glossopharyngeal n.
22
Q
Failure of the 2nd Branchial Arch cells to migrate
A
Pharyngocutaneous Fistula
23
Q
4-6 Branchial Arch produces what cartilage
A
Criocoid & Thyroid cartilages, & cartilage of the larynx
24
Q
4-6 Branchial Arch produces what muscle
A
Cricothyroid, pharyngeal, laryngeal
25
4-6 Branchial Arch produces what nerve
CN 10
26
Prosencephalon develops into
telencephalon & diencephalon
27
Mesencephalon develops into
Midbrain
28
Rhombencephalon develops into
metencephalon & myelencephalon
29
Telencephalon develops into
Cerebral hemispheres
30
Diencephalon develops into
Thalamus
31
Metencephalon develops into
Cerebellum & pons
32
Myelencephalon develops into
Medulla
33
What week does the developing brain begin to form
week 4 - dilation
34
Anencephaly is increased risk w/
maternal diabetes
35
Holoprosencephaly is increased risk w/
Trisomy 13, FAS, SHH mutation (fx during weeks 5-6)
36
Dandy-Walker
Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis -> 4th ventricle/posterior fossa enlargement
37
Dandy-Walker is associated w/
spina bifida and hydrocephalus
38
Chiari I
mild cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum
39
Chiari I may cause
syringomyelia
40
Chiari II
significant cerebellar tonsils & vermis herniation through foramen magnum
41
Chiarir II is associated w/
lumbosacral myelomeningocele
42
Chiari II may cause
aqueductal stenosis & hydrocepahlus
43
Syringomyelia
cavitary lesion in the spine filled w/ CSF
Compresses STT spinal commissural fibers -> b/l loss of pain&temp in UEs (cape-like distribution)
Severe -> compress ant. horn motor neurons -> hand mm. weakness & atrophy
44
Most common location of Syringomyelia
C8-T1
45
Syringomyelia is associated w/
Chiari I
46
Reactive Gliosis
astrocytes form scar tissue in response to injury
47
Nissl Bodies
RER in neuronal dendrites
48
BBB
Non-fenestrated endothelial tight junctions
BM capillary
Astrocyte foot processes
49
Astrocyte marker
GFAP
50
Astrocyte tumor
Glioblastoma
51
CNS phagocytes
microglia
52
HIV infection in the CNS
microglia giant cell formation
53
Cell destroyed in Multiple sclerosis
Oligodendrocyte
54
"Fried egg" Appearance
Oligodendrocyte (large clear cytoplasm)
55
Myelin producing cell in the CNS
Oligodendrocyte
56
Myelin producing cell in the PNS
Schwann Cells
57
Acoustic Neuroma
Schwanoma in the internal acoustic meatus
58
B/L Acoustic Neuroma
Neurofibromatosis type II
59
Cell destroyed in Guillain-Barre
Schwann Cells
60
Microglia are derived from
Mesoderm
61
Oligodendrocytes are derived from
neuroectoderm
62
Astrocytes are derived from
neuroectoderm
63
What substances cross the BBB?
glucose & a.a. w/ transporter
non-polar, lipid-soluble
ADH & Oxytocin (fenestrated area)
64
Acute Tx for high ICP
Mannitol
65
Alzheimers Disease
Degeneration of basal nucleus of Meynert -> low Choline Acetyltransferase -> low ACh
66
Site of GABA production
Nucleus Accumbens
67
Site of ACh production
Raphe nucleus
68
Site of NE production
Locus ceruleus, reticular formation, solitary tract
69
Reticular Activation System components
Reticular formation, Locus ceruleus, Raphe nucleus
70
Gerstmann Lesion
lesion to dominant angular gyrus
71
lesion to dominant angular gyrus Sx
agraphia, acalculia, R/L disorientation, finger agnosia
72
Hemispatial neglect - lesion to the
non-dominant parietal lobe
73
Frontal lesion Sx
disinhibition, poor judgment, primitive reflexes
74
Prefrontal lesion Sx
inability to complete complex functions
75
Frontal Eye Field lesion
eyes deviate toward side of lesion
76
PPRF lesion
eyes deviate away from side of lesion
77
Superior Colliculus lesion
inability to gaze upward
78
Parinaud's Syndrome
Superior Colliculus lesion
79
RAS Lesion
stupor & coma
80
B/L Hippocamous Lesion
Anterograde amnesia
81
Destruction of mammillary bodies is seen in what disorder
Wernicke-Korsakoff - thiamine deficiency
82
Destruction of mammillary bodies Sx
nystagmus, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, encephalopathy, anterograde & retrograde amnesia, confabulation
83
Poor repetition is seen with a lesion to
arcuate fasciculus
84
Poor comprehension is seen w/ a lesion to
Wernicke's area
85
Poor verbal expression is seen w/ a lesion to
Broca's area
86
Personality changes & disinhibition is seen w/ a lesion to
Frontal cortex
87
Dysarthria is seen w/ a lesion to
Cerebellar vermis
88
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
B/L amygdala lesion
89
Hemibalism is seen w/ a lesion to
the sub thalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia
90
Parkinson Sx may be seen w/ a lesion to
Basal ganglia
91
Expressive dysprosody is seen w/ a lesion to
| inability to express emotion
Non-dominant Broca area
92
Receptive dysprosody is seen w/ a lesion to
| inability to comprehend emotion
Non-dominant Wernicke's area
93
Hemispheric cerebellar lession
Ipsilateral limb ataxia & intention tremors are seen w/ a lesion to
94
Cerebellar vermis lesion
affects midline structures -> truncal ataxia & dysarthria
95
Fracture to the cribiform plate is most likely to lesion
CN 1
96
Lesion to an optic n. would result in
Anopsia (blindness in effected eye)
97
Lesion to the optic chiasm (pituitary tumor)
bitemporal hemianopsia
98
Lesion to an optic tract
homonymous hemianopsia
99
Homonymous hemianopsia w/ macular sparing is likely to result from
PCA infarct (macula receives collateral circulation from the MCA)
100
Bilateral hemianopsia
lesion to the optic chiasm
101
Homonymous hemianopsia
lesion to the optic tract
102
Wallerian Degeneration
axonal injury resulting in degeneration distal to the injury& axonal retraction proximally
103
Each oligodendrocyte myelinates x number of axons
~30
104
Which cell type is injured in Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy?
Oligodendrocyte
105
Which cell type is injured in Leukodystrophies?
Oligodendrocyte
106
Which cell type is injured in Guillain-Barre?
Schwann Cell (endoneurium)
107
Each Schwann cell myelinates x number of axons
1 PNS axon
108
In limb reattachment, what investing structure of the nerve must be rejoined?
Perineurium
109
GABA is produced where?
Nucleus accumbens
110
ACh is produced where?
Basal nucleus of Meynert
111
5-HT is produced where?
Raphe nucleus
112
Dopamine is produced where?
ventral tegmentum & SNc
113
NE is produced where?
Locus ceruleus
114
NT imbalance in Anxiety
High NE, Low 5-HT, Low GABA
115
NT imbalance in Parkinsons
Low DA, High 5-HT, High ACh
116
NT imbalance in Huntingtons
High DA, Low ACh, Low GABA
117
NT imbalance in Depression
Low NE, DA, & 5-HT
118
Mesocortical Pathway
Ventral Tegmental of midbrain -> cortex
119
Results of blocking the Mesocortical Pathway
Increased negative Sx of schizophrenia
120
Mesolimbic Pathway
Ventral Tegmental of midbrain -> limbic system
121
Results of blocking the Mesolimbic Pathway
Relieve positive Sx of Schizophrenia
122
Nigrostriatal Pathway
Substantia nigra pars compacta -> neostriatum
123
Results of blocking the Nigrostriatal Pathway
Parkinson Disease
124
Tuberoinfundibular Pathway
Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus -> pituitary
125
Results of blocking the Tuberoinfundibular Pathway
increased prolactin secretion from ant. pituitary
| hypogonadism -> amenorrhea, low libido & gynecomastia in men
126
Bilateral acoustic neuroma
Neurofibromatosis type II
127
Degeneration of the Basal nucleus of Meynart?
Alzheimers (low ACh)
128
Decreased DA in the substantial nigra pars compacta?
Parkinsons
129
3 areas w/ fenestrated capillaries in the brain
area postrema - vomiting d/t emetics
Organum Vasculosum Lamina Terminalis - osmotic sensing
Neurohypophysis - ADH release
130
Meissner's Corpuscles
hairless skin for fine touch & position
131
Pacinian Corpuscles
deep skin, ligaments for vibration & pressure
132
Merkel Corpuscles
hair follicles, basal epidermis - for pressure, position, deep static touch
133
Ischemia to CN3 is likely to cause
injury to the motor neurons -> deviation of the eye down & out
134
Mass effect/compression to CN3 is likely to cause
injury to the parasympathetic fibers traveling in on CN3 -> pupillary defects
135
Efferent pupillary defect
lesions to the oculomotor n. so that 1 eye is unable to constrict (no response to direct or consensual light)
136
Afferent pupillary defect
lesion to the optic n. such that light is not perceived by 1 eye resulting in no direct constriction in effected eye or consensual constriction in the opposite (effected eye will constrict to consensual light)
137
CN4 lesion
eye drifts upward when looking away from lesion (tilt head AWAY from lesion)
138
CN3 lesion
eye points down & out, pupil dilation
139
CN6 lesion
eye deviates medially, inability to abduct
140
Function of Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei
Cooling (thermoregulation)
141
Damage to the Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei
HYPERthermia
142
Function of Suprachiasmatic Hypothalamic Nuclei
circadian rhythm
143
Function of Preoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei
Secrete GnRH
144
Function of Supraoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei
Secretes ADH
145
Function of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nuclei
Secretes Oxytocin, CRH, TRH
146
Damage to the Supraoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei
Central Diabetes Insipidus
147
Function of Arcuate Hypothalamic Nuclei
Secretes GnRH, Pulsatile GnRH
Secretes DA
Regulates appetite
148
Function of Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei
regulates hunger, inhibited by Leptin
149
Function of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei
Regulates satiety, stimulated by Leptin
150
Damage to the Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei
anorexia, weight loss
151
Damage to the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei
obesity & savage behavior
152
Function of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nuclei
regulates hunger
153
Stimulation to the Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nuclei
obesity & savage behavior
154
Function of Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei
warming (thermoregulation)
155
Function of Mammillary Hypothalamic Nuclei
Memory
156
Damage to the Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei
HYPOthermia
157
Damage to the Mammillary Hypothalamic Nuclei
Wernicke-Korsakoff (thiamine def --> periventricular hemorrhage/necrosis)
158
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome presents with a triad of
confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia
159
Korsakoff’s Psychosis is a progression from Wernicke’s encephalopathy which consists of
irreversible memory loss, confabulation, and personality changes
160
Hemiballismus is d/t
contralateral lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
161
Chorea is d/t
Caudate atrophy seen in Huntington (basal ganglia)
162
Athetosis
slow, writhing, snake-like movement
163
Athetosis is d/t
Caudate atrophy seen in Huntington (basal ganglia)
164
Essential Tremor
tremor at rest & w/ movement; 50% FHx
165
Intentional Tremor
tremor w/ movement (cerebellar dysfunction)
166
Resting Tremor
tremor at rest & relieved by movement (Parkinson)
167
Dominant parietal lobe lesion
agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, L-to-R disorientation
168
Non-dominant parietal lobe lesion
Hemispatial neglect
169
Nerve injured w/ anterior hip dislocation?
Obturator n.
170
Nerve injured w/ disc herniation
sciatic n.
171
Nerve injured w/ pelvic fracture
femoral n.
172
Nerve injured w/ posterior hip dislocation
Superior & Inferior gluteal n.
173
Nerve injured w/ knee injury
tibial n.
174
Nerve injured w/ lateral knee injury
Deep fibular n.
175
Nerve providing sensation to the lower leg?
Sciatic n.
176
Nerve injury resulting in foot drop?
common fibular n. or deep fibular n.
177
Nerve injury resulting in trendelenburg gait
Superior gluteal n.
178
Nerve required for foot plantar flexion?
tibial n.
179
Nerve required for hip extension
Inferior gluteal n.
180
Nerve required for thigh adduction
Obturator n.
181
Nerve required for thigh flexion
Femoral n.
182
Nerve required for sensation to the anterior thigh
Femoral n.
183
Nerve required for sensation to the medial thigh
Obturator n.
184
Nerve required for thigh extension
Sciatic n.
185
Meckel nerve ending
slow adaptation, static pressure, superficial (fingertips, hair follicles)
186
Meissner nerve ending
rapid adaptation, light touch, fingertips, superficial
187
Raffinian nerve ending
slow, position sense, deep (SQ), spindle-shape
188
Pacinian nerve ending
vibration, rapid, deeper (onion-shaped)
189
A-delta
rapid, myelinated, sharp pain, cold
190
C-fibers
slow, unmyelinated, dull warm pain
191
B/L Bell's Palsy
Guillain-Barre or Lyme's Disease
192
Neurotransmitter changes that occur in anxiety include
increased norepinephrine, decreased GABA, and decreased serotonin
193
Neurotransmitter changes that occur in depression include
decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, and decreased dopamine
194
Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Alzheimer's dementia include
decreased acetylcholine and increased glutamate.
195
Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Huntington's disease include
increased dopamine, decreased GABA, and decreased acetylcholine
196
In schizophrenia, there is increased dopamine in the
mesolimbic pathway (positive symptoms)
197
In schizophrenia, there is decreased dopamine in the
mesocortical pathway (negative symptoms)
198
Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Parkinson's disease include
decreased dopamine, decreased serotonin, and increased acetylcholine
199
Glutamate
excitatory NT
200
GABA
inhibitory NT
201
Substantia Nigra pars compacta -> indirect pathway
inhibits Neostriatum (->inhibits Globus Pallidus ext. ->inhibits Subthalamic Nuclei-> stimulates Globus Pallidus int. -> inhibits thalamus -> stimulates Cortex) ----> MOVEMENT STIMULATED
202
Substantia Nigra pars compacta -> direct pathway
stimulate Neostriatum (-> inhibit globus pallidus int. -> inhibit thalamus -> stimulates cortex) ------> MOVEMENT STIMULATED
203
Eosinophilic inclusion in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lew Body (Parkinsons ds & Lewy Body Dementia)
204
Norepinephrine (NE) is a catecholamine and the primary neurotransmitter of
postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
205
Dopamine (DA) plays a role in:
Cognition
Motor Functions
Neuroendocrine Functions
206
Serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the following functions:
Arousal
Sensory Perception
Emotion
Higher Cognition
207
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major neurotransmitter of the:
Peripheral nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
208
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major
inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system.
209
Glutamate is the major
excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and makes up 60% of brain synapses.
210
Frontal lobe function
Motor function, Problem solving, Spontaneity, Memory, Language, Initiation, Judgement
Impulse control, Social and sexual behavior
211
Parietal lobe function
integrates sensory information from different modalities
dominant - language and mathematics
non-dominant - imagery and spatial relationships
212
Temporal lobe function
auditory perception
213
Occipital lobe function
visual processing
214
Unilateral Occipital lobe destruction causes
contralateral hemianopia or quadrantopia and bilateral lesions cause cortical blindness
215
Bilateral destruction of the mammillary bodies
(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) leads to confusion, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, and personality changes.
216
Reticular activating system/reticular formation function
arousal and sleep-wake transitions
217
Extreme damage of the reticular formation can cause
coma
218
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
B/L anygdala lesion --> hyerphagia, hypersexuality, anterograde amnesia
219
Hippocampus function
crucial for learning and consolidation of memories
220
Intrafusal mm. fibers
send 1a signal to spinal cord conveying information about the length of the mm. fiber
--> increased mm. contraction
221
Golgi tendon
send 1b signal to spinal cord conveying information about the tension of the mm. fiber
--> inhibits mm. contraction
222
What sensory receptor communicates pricking pain (fast, myelinated)
A-delta
223
What sensory receptor communicates burning, dull pain?
C fiber
224
What sensory receptor communicates vibration & pressure?
Pacinian
225
What sensory receptor communicates dynamic/changing light, discriminatory touch?
Meissners
226
What sensory receptor communicates static/unchanging light touch
Meckel
227
What sensory receptor communicates proprioception of mm. length
Intrafusal
228
What sensory receptor communicates proprioception of mm. tension
Golgi tendon
229
Guillain-Barre pathogenesis
Autoimmune Disease – molecular mimicry; often following Campylobacter jejuni infection
230
Guillain-Barre results in destruction of
Schwann cells
231
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy results in destruction of
oligodendrocytes
232
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is seen after
JC viral infection (AIDs)
233
Guillain-Barre Sx
ascending mm. weakness, B/L facial mm. paralysis, respiratory mm. weakness (w/o sensory loss)
234
Common causes of otitis externa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa > S. aureus
235
Tx for otitis externa
topical Abx & irrigation
236
Common causes of otitis media
S. pneumo, ntHi, M. catarrhalis
237
Tx for otitis media
Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanic acid, Cephalosporin, T-tubes
238
Meniere Ds Sx
intermittent vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
239
Meniere Ds pathogenesis
imbalance of fluid & electrolytes in the endolymph
240
Cholesteatoma
cystic lesion (grayish & pearly) lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium filled w/ amorphous debris
241
Dementia + visual hallucinations
Lewy Body Dementia
242
Dementia + progressive aphasia
Frontotemporal dementia/Pick Disease
243
Dementia + ataxia & loss of pupillary light reflex
Tertiary Syphilis
244
Dementia + megaloblastic anemia & peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin B12 def.
245
Dementia + resting tremor & bradykinesia
Parkinson Ds
246
Dementia + uninhibited social behavior
Frontotemporal dementia/Pick Disease
247
Dementia + urinary incontinence & magnetic gait
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
248
Dementia + syncopal episodes
Lewy Body Dementia
249
Dementia + dysarthria & liver disease
Wilson ds
250
Dementia + myoclonus
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Ds
251
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is what type of hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus (most common)
252
Communicating hydrocephalus is caused by
decreased resorption of CSF by the arachnoid granulations
253
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Sx are a result of
enlarged ventricles compressing the corona radiata
254
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Sx
urinary incontinence, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction (often reversible)
255
Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation
cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri.
256
A downward transtentorial (central) herniation occurs when the
diencephalon and the medial aspects of the temporal lobe are squeezed through a notch in the tentorium cerebelli.
257
A descending transtentorial uncal herniation
the uncus, the most medial aspect of the temporal lobe, puts pressure on the brainstem (particularly the midbrain).
258
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation occurs when the
cerebellar tonsils are displaced through the foramen magnum.
