Neuro Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Central nervous system consists of…
A
Brain, Brainstem, Spinal cord
2
Q
specialised cells that support neurons in the brain
A
Neuroglia
3
Q
components of the brainstem
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
4
Q
5 specialised functions of the cerebral hemispheres
A
thought voluntary movement perception language reasoning
5
Q
3 specialised functions of the brainstem
A
heart rate
breathing
blood pressure
6
Q
3 specialised functions of the cerebellum
A
movement
balance
posture
7
Q
at what vertebrae does spinal cord end?
A
L1/L2
8
Q
how many spinal nerves?
+how many of each section e.g. cervical
A
31
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
9
Q
what 2 factors determine the conduction velocity of an axon?
A
diameter
extent of myelination
10
Q
name the 3 groups of neurotransmiters
A
excitatory
inhibitory
modulatory
11
Q
2 functions of astrocytes (neuroglia)
A
regulate blood-brain barrier
influence local neurotransmitter and electrolyte conc.
12
Q
name most numerous glia cell in CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
13
Q
function of oligodendrocytes
A
produce myelin sheath in CNS
14
Q
function of ependymal cells
A
line ventricular system - barrier between CSF and brain
involved in CSF production
15
Q
function of microglia
A
macrophages
16
Q
what are the meninges and what is their function?
A
3 membranes that line skull and vertebral canal
enclose brain and spinal cord
17
Q
Name the 3 meninges
A
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
18
Q
describe the blood vessels of the CNS
A
non-fenestrated
with tight junctions
endothelial cells have thick cytoplasm
endothelial cell basement membrane intimately associated with astrocyte foot processes
19
Q
describe slow twitch fibres (type 1)
and their function
A
oxidative
fatigue resistant
postural support, distance running
20
Q
describe fast twitch fibres (type 2)
A
fatigue rapidly but generate large peak of muscle tension
have lactate biproduct
21
Q
in a sarcomere, which are the thin light bands?
A
actin filaments
22
Q
in a sarcomere, which are the thick dark bands?
A
myosin fibres
23
Q
in sliding filament theory, myosin heads bind to…
A
actin
24
Q
what provides the energy for the conformational change in the myosin head?
A
hydrolysis of ATP
25
the sliding of filaments to shorten the sarcomere is initiated by what?
increase in cytosolic Ca2+
26
general function of a kinase enzyme
sticks P onto things
27
function of dystrophin
gives stability to muscle cell membrane
28
function of oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath in CNS
29
function of schwann cells
produces myelin sheath in PERIPHERAL NS
30
nodes of ranvier between myelin sheaths allow what?
saltatory conduction
31
name the 3 divisions of the brain (fore-, mid- and hindbrain)
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
32
name the divisions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)
telencephalon
| diencephalon
33
why is MRI the best imaging technique for the brain?
good contrast between white/ grey matter and CSF in ventricles/sulci
34
following fertilisation, the embryo develops into a tri-laminar disc of what 3 layers?
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
35
which layer of the tri-laminar disc thickens in the midline to form the neural crest?
ectoderm
36
midline groove in neural crest (neural groove) deepens and eventually detaches from the overlying ectoderm to form the ...
neural tube
37
what cells run dorsolaterally along the neural groove?
presumptive neural crest cells
38
what develops from the telencephalon of the prosencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres
39
what develops from the diencephalon of the prosencephalon?
thalamus
| hypothalamus
40
what develops from the mesencephalon?
colliculi
41
name the 2 divisions of the rhombencephalon
metencephalon
| myelencephalon
42
what develops from the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon?
cerebellum
| pons
43
what develops from the myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon?
medulla oblongata
44
what is the total volume of CSF?
120ml
45
in what space does CSF circulate?
subarachnoid
46
name the ventricles
2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
47
what connects ventricles and subarachnoid spaces?
cisterns
48
what does CSF contain?
protein, urea, glucose, salts
49
where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus
50
what is the choroid plexus?
network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain
51
CSF is absorbed via...
arachnoid granulations (villi)
52
commisure definition
tract connecting one hemisphere to the other
53
reticular definition
'netlike'
when grey and white matter mix
e.g. reticular formation of the brainstem
54
function of the temporal lobe
understanding spoken word/ sounds
memory
emotion
55
function of parietal lobe
body part awareness
| receives and interprets sensations (pain, touch, pressure, size)
56
function of occipital lobe
understanding visual images and the meaning of the written word
57
thalamus function
relay centre directing inputs to cortical area
58
hypothalamus function
autonomic NS
links endocrine system to brain
homeostasis
59
cerebellum attached to brainstem by
3 peduncles
| superior, middle, inferior
60
divisions of the autonomic NS
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
61
divisions of peripheral NS
somatic (voluntary)
| autonomic (involuntary)
62
name the 2 divisons of parasympathetic outflow
1. cranial outflow (innervates organs of head, neck, thorax, abdomen)
2. sacral outflow (supplies remaining abdominal + pelvic organs)
63
definition of a single motor unit
single motor neuron and the muscle fibres it connects
64
motor command originates in what cells of the motor cortex?
pyramidal cells
65
function of limbic system
controls emotions and drives (sex, hunger)
66
cerebellum = 10% of total brain weight.
| What % of the brain's total number of neurons does it contain?
over 50%
67
motor commands originate in which 2 areas?
1. upper motor nuclei of brainstem
| 2. primary motor cortex
68
motor commands descend along the reticulospinal tracts to the...
lower motor neurons
69
lower motor neurons originate in the...
spinal cord
70
motor command/options are selected by the...
basal ganglia nuclei
71
what provides precise control, fine adjustment and coordination of a motor activity?
cerebellum
72
what does the outer layer of the eye comprise of?
cornea
| sclera
73
what does the middle layer (uvea) of the eye comprise of?
iris
ciliary body
choroid
74
what does the inner layer of the eye comprise of?
retina
75
components of the ciliary body
glandular epithelium
| smooth muscle
76
function of the glandular epithelium of the ciliary body
production of aqueous humour containing cornea and lens nutrients
maintains intra-ocular pressure
77
function of the smooth muscle of the ciliary body
controls accommodation (adjustment of the lens to form clear images from different distances)
78
function of cones
colour
central vision
visual acuity (distinguishing shapes and details)
79
function of rods
monochromatic
peripheral vision
dark adaptation
80
blood supply of the eye
retinal and ciliary branches of the opthalmic artery - (branch of the internal carotid artery)
81
the outer ear consists of...
auricle
| external auditory canal
82
middle ear consists of...
eardrum
| hammer, anvil, stirrup (ossicular chain)
83
inner ear consists of...
```
vestibular system (3 semicircular canals - balance)
cochlea (hearing part)
```
84
the 2 outer chambers of the cochlea contain what fluid?
perilymph
85
the 3rd and innermost chamber of the cochlea (cochlear duct) contains what fluid?
endolymph
86
the cochlear duct contains what membrane?
basilar membrane
87
what sensory organ lies on the basilar membrane?
Organ of Corti
88
the organ of corti consists of what?
cilia (hair cells) arranged in rows, each connected to a nerve fibre which relays impulses to 8th cranial nerve
89
apical (most curved) area of the cochlea transfer what frequency of impulses?
lower frequency
90
name 1st cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
OLFACTORY
| ethmoidal foramen
91
name 2nd cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
OPTIC
| optic canal
92
name 3rd cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
OCCULOMOTOR
| superior orbital fissure
93
name 4th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
TROCHLEA
| superior orbital fissure
94
name 5th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
TRIGEMINAL
superior orbital fissure (opthalmic)
foramen ovale (mandibular)
foramen rotundum (maxillary)
95
name 6th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
ABDUCENS
| superior orbital fissure
96
name 7th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
FACIAL
| internal acoustic meatus
97
name 8th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
| internal acoustic meatus
98
name 9th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
| jugular foramen
99
name 10th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
VAGUS
| jugular foramen
100
name 11th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
ACCESSORY
| jugular foramen
101
name 12th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull
HYPOGLOSSAL
| hypoglossal canal
102
olfactory nerve function
sense of smell
103
optic nerve function
visual information (sensory)
104
oculomotor nerve function
eye movement
pupil constriction
eyelid
105
trochlear nerve function
superior oblique eye muscle
106
abducens nerve function
lateral rectus eye muscle
107
branches of the facial nerve
```
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
```
108
vestibulocochlear nerve function
balance
| hearing
109
what is the pharyngeal plexus?
network of nerve fibres innervating most of the palate, larynx and pharynx
110
trigeminal nerve function
skin, skeletal muscles of face, nose and mouth (sensory)
| muscle of mastication (motor)
111
facial nerve function
anterior 2/3 of tongue (sensory)
| facial muscles, swallowing, nose, palate, lacrimal and salivary glands (motor)
112
glossopharyngeal nerve function
middle ear, posterior 1/3 of tongue (afferent)
| parotid salivary gland, skeletal muscle of swallowing (efferent)
113
vagus nerve function
skeletal muscle of pharynx/larynx
| smooth muscle/glands of thorax & abdomen
114
accessory nerve function
neck skeletal muscle
115
hypoglossal nerve function
tongue skeletal muscle
116
where do alpha motor neurons originate?
spinal cord
117
what lobe is broca's area in?
frontal lobe
118
what lobe is wernicke's area in?
temporal and parietal lobes
119
where is the primary motor cortex located?
pre-central gyrus
| frontal lobe
120
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
post-central gyrus
| parietal lobe
121
where is the visual cortex located?
occipital lobe (at the back of the brain)
122
what are gamma motor neurones?
type of lower motor neurone
| take part in muscle contraction
123
where are the cell bodies of gamma motor neurones and alpha motor neurones located?
anterior horn of the spinal cord
124
where do gamma motor neurones receive input from?
pons in the brainstem
125
which have smaller axons, alpha or gamma motor neurones?
gamma
126
which directly adjust lengthening/shortening of muscle fibres, gamma or alpha motor neurones?
alpha
127
which has a role in keeping muscle spindles taut, gamma or alpha motor neurones?
gamma
128
voluntary motor control actions can be divided into...
goal directed
| habit
129
definition of a spinal reflex
involuntary/instinctive response to stimulus
| unconditioned response
