SUGER

Question 1

2 fundamental layers of the skin

Answer 1

dermis

epidermis

Question 2

epithelium of the epidermis

Answer 2

stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

Question 3

4 main layers of the epidermis

Answer 3

germinative layer
spinous/prickle cell layer
granular layer
dead keratinised squames

Question 4

what granules does the granular layer of the epidermis contain?

Answer 4

keratohyaline granules (the precursors of keratin)

Question 5

which is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

Answer 5

spinous layer

Question 6

2 main layers of the dermis

Answer 6

a layer rich in collagen fibres close to the epidermis

a deeper fatty layer

Question 7

which layer of the skin contains the roots of hairs?

Answer 7

dermis

Question 8

The majority of the cells of the epidermis are…

Answer 8

keratinocytes

Question 9

keratinocytes are derived from stem cells within the ——– layer of the epidermis

Answer 9

germinal

Question 10

what cells are present in the epidermis, other that keratinocytes?

Answer 10

melanocytes

Question 11

which part of the embryo are melanocytes derived from?

Answer 11

neural crest

Question 12

what do melanocytes do?

Answer 12

produce melanin pigment granules

Question 13

skin colour is proportional to the amount of melanin stored in the…

Answer 13

keratinocytes

Question 14

spinous layer cells are joined together by…

Answer 14

desmosomes

Question 15

what are Langerhan’s cells?

Answer 15

antigen detecting cells, part of the immune system of the skin

Question 16

what do Merkel cells do?

Answer 16

convey the sensation of fine touch by forming synapses with nerve fibres in the dermis

Question 17

name the autonomically innervated smooth muscle that causes hair to stand on end

Answer 17

erector pili muscle

Question 18

which glands lubricate hair follicles?

Answer 18

sebaceous glands

Question 19

what are finger and toenails composed of?

Answer 19

compacted keratin

Question 20

what type of epithelial cells surround the tightly coiled secretory tubule of sweat glands

Answer 20

myoepithelial cells

Question 21

name the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and the front of the eye

Answer 21

conjunctiva

Question 22

conjunctiva that lines the inside of the eyelid comprises of what type of epithelium?

Answer 22

stratified columnar epithelium composed of just 2 layers of cells

Question 23

name the largest gland in the eyelid, that reduces evaporation from the cornea of the eye

Answer 23

Meibomian gland

Question 24

what do endocrine glands do?

Answer 24

secrete hormones into the blood stream for circulation around the body

Question 25

4 classes of hormones

Answer 25

amino acid derivatives steroids small peptides proteins

Question 26

what type of hormone is adrenaline?

Answer 26

amino acid derivative

Question 27

what type of hormone is testosterone?

Answer 27

steroid

Question 28

what type of hormone is insulin?

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

what type of hormone is vasopressin?

Answer 29

small peptide

Question 30

what is the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 30

neuronal origin - it is a down-growth of the brain

Question 31

the posterior pituitary is attached by the pituitary stalk to the...

Answer 31

median eminence of the mid-brain, in the floor of the 3rd ventricle

Question 32

The posterior pituitary contains nerve endings. Where are the cell bodies of these axons located?

Answer 32

in the supra-optic and para-ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 33

what do the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary secrete into the bloodstream?

Answer 33

vasopressin (ADH) | oxytocin

Question 34

what is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 34

it is of epithelial origin and is derived from the roof of the primitive gut tube

Question 35

which part of the pituitary gland surrounds the pituitary stalk?

Answer 35

anterior pituitary

Question 36

3 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 36

growth hormone (GH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 37

Meaning of adenohypophysis

Answer 37

another name for the anterior pituitary (of epithelial origin)

Question 38

Meaning of neurohypophysis

Answer 38

another name for the posterior pituitary (of neuronal origin)

Question 39

what regulates the release of trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary ?

Answer 39

releasing or inhibitory factors produced by neurones of the hypothalamus

Question 40

how far do the neurones of the hypothalamus project?

Answer 40

as far as the median eminence

Question 41

how do releasing or inhibitory factors produced by neurones of the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?

Answer 41

1. neurones release their secretions at the median eminence | 2. secretions taken up into the capillaries of the pituitary portal system & carried to the anterior lobe

Question 42

what is a portal system?

Answer 42

one that starts and ends as capillaries

Question 43

5 mains classes of cells in the anterior pituitary

Answer 43

``` gonadotrophs somatotrophs lactotrophs corticotrophs thyrotrophs ```

Question 44

name the upward extension of the anterior pituitary that surrounds the pituitary stalk

Answer 44

tuberal lobe

Question 45

tuberal lobe contains mostly which type of cell?

Answer 45

gonadotrophic

Question 46

name the small gland that is a backward projection from the 3rd ventricle below the corpus callosum, and is covered by the meninges

Answer 46

pineal gland

Question 47

what sort of innovation does the pineal gland receive?

Answer 47

from the autonomic NS

Question 48

describe the location of the thyroid gland in the neck

Answer 48

between the level of the thyroid cartilage (superiorly) and the 4th tracheal ring (inferiorly)

Question 49

The thyroid gland synthesizes, stores and secretes which two hormones?

Answer 49

thyroxine and calcitonin

Question 50

where are the 4 parathyroid glands located in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 50

embedded in the posterior border of each lobe

Question 51

C cells of the thyroid gland produce what?

Answer 51

calcitonin

Question 52

calcitonin is antagonistic to which other hormone?

Answer 52

parathyroid hormone

Question 53

parathyroid gland often contains a mixture of which 2 cell types?

Answer 53

fat cells (apidocytes) and secretory cells

Question 54

main secretory cell of the parathyroid gland

Answer 54

chief cell

Question 55

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are most numerous in which part of the gland?

Answer 55

the tail

Question 56

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans constitute what % of the mass of the gland?

Answer 56

about 5%

Question 57

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain which 4 secretory cells types?

Answer 57

- insulin secreting beta cells - glucagon secreting alpha cells - somatostatin secreting delta cells - pancreatic polypeptide secreting cells

Question 58

do the suprarenal glands lie inside or outside the capsule of the kidney?

Answer 58

enclosed inside

Question 59

outer cortex of the suprarenal glands produces what?

Answer 59

steroid hormones

Question 60

the inner medulla of the suprarenal glands produces what?

Answer 60

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 61

the central vein of the suprarenal glands carries hormones to which veins?

Answer 61

renal veins | or directly into inf. vena cava

Question 62

3 zones of the suprarenal cortex

Answer 62

glomerular (outer) fascicular reticular (inner)

Question 63

what hormone does the narrow outer glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 63

aldosterone

Question 64

what hormone does the thick intermediate fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 64

cortisol

Question 65

what hormones does the of the inner reticular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 65

sex steroid hormones

Question 66

where are adrenaline and noradrenaline stored until required?

Answer 66

in neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm of the cells

Question 67

anterior pituitary produces what type of hormones?

Answer 67

peptide based

Question 68

the anterior pituitary receives its blood supply from a portal circulation which starts where?

Answer 68

the hypothalamus

Question 69

where does the thyroid originate from embryonically?

Answer 69

the floor of the mouth

Question 70

C cells produce calcitonin when blood calcium concentration...

Answer 70

rises

Question 71

which part of the pancreas secretes into the duodenum?

Answer 71

exocrine

Question 72

the islets of Langerhans secrete hormones into...

Answer 72

the hepatic portal circulation

Question 73

purpose of the hepatic portal system

Answer 73

responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

Question 74

alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce what?

Answer 74

glucagon

Question 75

what does glucagon do?

Answer 75

causes hepatocytes to release glucose

Question 76

beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce what?

Answer 76

insulin

Question 77

the adrenal cortex uses what to synthesise hormones?

Answer 77

cholesterol

Question 78

the adrenal medulla is supplied predominantly by which part of the N S?

Answer 78

sympathetic

Question 79

the islets of Langerhans arise embryonically from the...

Answer 79

primitive gut tube

Question 80

the parathyroid glands arise embryonically from the...

Answer 80

primitive gut tube

Question 81

the thyroid gland arises embryonically from the...

Answer 81

primitive gut tube