Neuro Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
What is torcular herophili
A
Confluence of sinuses
2
Q
When do fontanelles close
A
24 months
3
Q
When is the brain done myelinating
A
9 years old
4
Q
Def Dyke-Davidoff-Mason
A
Hemi-cerebral atrophy/hypoplasia, compensatory IPSI osseous hypertrophy and Contra hemiparesis
5
Q
Sign of Asterion is what?
A
Sutural closure of Parietomastoid and occipitomastoid and lamboidal suture
6
Q
Hyperostosis frontalis interna + Obesity + hirsutism is AKA
A
Morgagni syndrome
7
Q
Leptomeningeal cyst is formed how?
A
Skull Fx with dural tear, prevents union
8
Q
Anomalies seen with Chiari 1
A
Klippel-Feil, syrinx, basilar invagination, C0/C1 assimilation
9
Q
Anomalies seen with Chiari 2
A
Myelomeningocele, syringohydromyelia, scoliosis, tectal beaking
10
Q
Def Meckel syndrome
A
Holoprosencephly/Occipital encephalocele, renal cystic dysplasia, postaxial polydactyly
11
Q
Morsier syndrome is AKA
A
Septoopic dysplasia
12
Q
Def Septo-optic dysplasia
A
Absent septum pellucidum with optic nerve hypoplasia
13
Q
Def Kallmann syndrome
A
Anosmia/hypoosmia, hypogonadism and mental retardation
14
Q
Def Walker-Warburg syndrome
A
Ocular malformation, cephaloceles, congenital hypotonia and death within 1 year
15
Q
What is a porencephalic cyst
A
CSF space lined by glial white matter
16
Q
Def Dandy-Walker syndrome
A
Cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, enlarged posterior fossa and cerebellar hypoplasia
17
Q
Def Dandy-Walker variant
A
Mild vermis hypoplasia, cystic space from 4th ventricle widening
18
Q
L’Hermitte-Duclos dz is what
A
Cerebellar dysplasia, dysplasia ganglioctyoma. Seen with Cowden disease
19
Q
MC phakomatosis
A
NF1 (Von recklinghausen)
20
Q
What is a Lisch nodule
A
Pigmented Iris hamartoma seen in NF1 (Not in NF2)
21
Q
Hallmark tumor of NF1
A
Plxiform neurofibroma
22
Q
MR signal of a hamartoma
A
High T1, very high T2, no enhancement or mass effect
23
Q
Hallmark of NF2
A
Acoustic schwannomas
24
Q
3 common intramedullary lesions of the spine
A
Astrocytoma, Ependymoma and hemangioblastoma
25
3 common intradural, extramedullary lesions of the spine
Meningioma, Schwannoma (MC) and neurofibroma
26
Classic triad of tuberous sclerosis
Papular facial nevus (adenoma sebaceum), Seizures, mental retardation
27
Cortical tubers are AKA
cortical hamartomas
28
MR signal of cortical tubers in kids and adults
Kids (T1 High, T2 Low); Adults (T1 Iso/low, T2 High); only 5% enhance
29
Tumor ass'd with VHL
hemangioblastoma
30
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis is AKA
Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome
31
Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome lesions include
telangiectasia, AVM, fistulas, aneurysms. characterized with nose bleeds (85%)
32
% of arterial infarcts that are hemorrhagic
25%
33
Lucid interval is ass'd with what hematoma
Epidural hematoma
34
3 MC locations of DAI
1. Gray-white matter junction in frontotemporal
2. posterior body of the splenium of the corpus callosum
3. Dorsolateral upper brain stem
35
2 MC brain herniations
Subfalcine - Cingulate gyrus goes under falx cerebri
| Inferior/descending transtentorial uncal herniation
36
Arterial occlusion seen with subfalcine herniation
Anterior cerebral artery, esp the pericallosal branch
37
Arterial occlusion seen with descending transtentorial herniation
Posterior cerebral artery, leads to Duret hemorrhage
38
Def kernohan's notch phenomenon
Indentation of the contralateral cerebral crus by the tentorium due to mass effect. Seen in a inferior/descending tentorial herniation
39
Early reliable sign of cerebral edema
Sulcal effacement
40
MC traumatic AV fistula
Carotid-Cavernous sinus fistula
41
Pneumocephalus, how does patient position affect in epidural vs subdural location
Epidural - No change with pt movement
| Subdural - Changes with pt movement
42
MC cause of CSF fistula
Skull base fx
43
Def Wyburn-mason
Multiple retinal, brain AVM with cutaneous nevi
44
MC parenchymal (pial) AVM
85% supratentorial
45
Multiple venous angiomas are seen in which syndrome
Blue Rubber Bleb nevus syndrome
46
MC brain vascular malformation
Cavernous angioma
47
Common structure involved in hypoxia-ischemic encephalopathy
basal ganglia
48
What artery occlusion would affect the septum pellucidum and anterior 1/3 of the corpus callosum
Pericallosal branch from the ACA
49
Idiopathic Progressive arteriopathy of childhood is AKA
Moyamoya
50
Def Menkes' Kinky hair dz
X-linked neurodegenerative condition with copper metabolism issues
51
MC bug for bacterial meningitis in kids
H. influenza
52
Syphillitic arteritis is AKA
Cerebrovascular lues
53
MC systemic necrotizing arteritis with CNS manifestations
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
54
Polyarteritis nodosa affects which vessels
Small/medium arteries leading to microaneurysms
55
MC loc for venous sinus occlusion in the brain
Superior sagittal sinus
56
MC loc for veins in the brain
Superior cortical veins
57
4 categories of glial tumors
Astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymal tumors and choroid plexus tumors
58
Brain tumors mets or primary more common in adults
Mets is more common
59
Tumors ass'd with tuberous sclerosis
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA)
60
MC loc of ependymal tumors
infratentorial; 4th ventricle
61
Myxoppillary ependymal tumor location?
Spinal cord; Filum terminale
62
MC loc of papillomas in kids vs adults
Kids - lateral ventricle
| Adult - 4th ventricle
63
MC primary brain tumor
Astrocytoma
64
2nd primary MC brain tumor
Meningioma
65
Top 2 MC sites of a schwannoma
CN8 and CN5
66
% of brain tumors from mets
~33%
67
MC location of a medulloblastoma
Cerebellar vermis - 90%
68
2 MC posterior fossa tumors in kids
Pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastoma
69
2 MC posterior fossa tumors in adults
Hemangioblastoma and brain stem glioma
70
MC non-neoplastic pineal mass
Pineal cyst
71
What % of medulloblastoma are midline
90% and can lead to drop mets
72
Top 2 lesions of the cerebellopontine angle
Schwannoma followed by meningioma
73
Def Gradenigo syndrome
1. Petrous apicitis
2. Abducens nerve palsy
3. V1/V2 distribution pain
74
Paraganglioma by the cochlea is known as
Glomus tympanicum
75
Normal MR signal of pituitary
Ant is iso to brain on T1 and T2
| Post is high T1, low T2
76
MC intrasellar mass
Microadenoma
77
Def Sheehan syndrome
Postpartum infarct of pituitary leading to empty sella
78
Size cutoff between micro and macropituitary adenoma
10mm
79
MC benign nasopharyngeal tumor
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas
80
MC primary CNS tumor
GBM
81
MC supratentorial mass in kids
astrocytoma
82
MC location of a pilocytic astrocytoma
Cerebellum
83
MC location of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Peripheral temporal lobes - seen with seizures
84
MC loc of SEGA
Foramen of Monro - ass'd with tuberous sclerosis
85
Desc a SEGA lesion
Partially cystic and calcified lesion, can lead to noncommunicating hydrocephalus
86
MCly calcified intracranial tumor
oligodendroglioma
87
MC loc of an oligodendroglioma
Cortical frontal lobe region
88
MC loc of a choroid plexus papilloma in kids and adults
Kids - trigone of the lateral ventricle
| adults - 4th ventricle
89
Desc hemangioblastoma
Found in cerebellum of adults, primarly cystic with mural nodule, nodule will +C, lack of hemorrhage, calcification or necrosis
90
MC germ cell tumor
Germinoma
91
Age and loc of a germinoma
10-30 yo, pineal gland (engulfs it)
92
Age and sex of a teratoma
Young, males. 2nd MC germ cell tumor
93
Syndrome ass'd with medulloblastoma
Gorlin syndrome (Basal Cell nevus syndrome)
94
Age/loc of neuroblastoma
<5 YOA, loves the adrenals and also seen in cerebrum hemispheres
95
Third and fourth eyes of the head, seen with retinoblastoma
```
3rd = pineal gland
4th = suprasellar cistern
```
96
Def 'cats eye' (Leukokoria)
Whitish mass behind the eye seen in 60% of retinoblastomas
97
How common is lymphoma Mets
2nd MC mets (breast is MC and lung), found in the supratentorial region liking the frontal lobe and basal ganglia
98
MC location of trigeminal nerve schwannoma
Trigeminal ganglion or Grasserian ganglion in Meckle's cave
99
MC cranial nerve affected by neurofibroma
Trigeminal CNV (V1 in particular)
100
Loc of cranial epidermoid and dermoid tumors
Epidermoid - off midline, CP angle
| Dermoid - Midline, parasellar, vermis, 4th ventricle
101
Loc of an intracranial lipoma
Midline, usually around corpus callosum
102
MC location of an arachnoid cyst
Middle cranial fossa
103
MC loc of a colloid cyst
anterior to 3rd ventricle
104
MC site of neuroglial cyst
Choroid plexus
105
Def the Elster rule
Pituitary gland height being 6,8,10,12 mm
| Kids, men/postmeno women, childbearing women, and postpartum
106
MC malignant pituitary lesion
Mets
107
MC type of pituitary adenoma (What is it secreting)
Prolactin-secreting
108
def nelsons syndrome
Pituitary adenoma in patients with adrenectomy for Cushing
109
Enhancement pattern of microadenoma on CT
Slow +C enhancement
110
MC nonglial brain tumor in kids
Craniopharyngoma
111
Congenital infections
TORCH (TOxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV/HIV)
112
MC congenital infectious agents
CMV
113
What is affected with congenital CMV infection
CNS (70%), cardiac anomalies and hepatosplenomegaly
114
Congenital CMV presentation
Neuronal migration disorder, periventricular calcification, delayed myelination, ventricular enlargement
115
Triad of Toxoplasmosis infection
Hydrocephalus, Bi chorioretinitis and intracranial calcifications. NO NEURONAL MIGRATION DISORDER
116
Severe changes from Varicella infection in fetus
necrotizing encephalomyelitis
117
MC form of CNS infecion
Meningitis
118
3 categories of meningitis
Acute pyogenic, lymphocytic and chronic
119
MC agents causing meningitis in neonate, <7YOA, adolescent and adults
Neonate - group B strep
<7 - H influenza
adolescent - N. meningitidis
adult - Strep pneumonia
120
% of ventriculitis in neonatal meningitis
90%
121
MC loc of TB (Chronic) meningitis
Basal cisterns
122
MC cause of brain abscess
Pyogenic bacteria (strep, staph or gram negative)
123
4 stages of abscess formation
1. Early cerebritis
2. Late cerebritis
3. Early capsule formation
4. late capsule formation
124
MC viral encephalitis
HSV
| 2 - in neonates and 1 in kids/adults
125
MC opportunistic CNS infection in AIDS pts
Toxoplasmosis
126
MC CNS pathogen in AIDS pts
HIV
127
Cause of progressive multifocal leukoenchalopathy
Group B human papovavirus
128
MC fungal infection in non-IC patients
Histoplasmosis
129
MC fungal infection in IC patient
Aspergillosis, candida
130
MC CNS parasitic infection and MC loc
Neurocysticercosis; Corticomedullary junction followed by ventricles
131
General myelination pattern
caudad--> Cranial; Dorsal -->ventral; central--> peripheral
132
T/F is gray-white matter signal reversed in neonates
True
133
MC hereditary leukodystrophy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
134
Metachromatic leukodystrophy demylination site
Sym, deep periventricular white matter; primarily anterior lobes
135
Globoid cell leukodystrophy is AKA
Krabbe dystrophy
136
MC site affected by Krabbe dys
Centrum semiovale
137
Lorenzo oil is AKA
Adrenoleukodystrophy
138
Desc Alexander disease
Dysmyelination d/t Rosenthal fiber deposition, likes the frontal lobe
139
Only Dysmylinating disorder to affect the subcortical U-fibers
Canavan Dz
140
Def Phenylketonuria
Increased phenylalanine; autism, retardation, seizures, , greates changes to optic radiations, osseous metaphyseal cupping, osteoporosis, delayed maturation
141
Batwing dilation of sylvian fissure is seen in
Glutaric aciduria type 1
142
pattern of nonketoic hyperglycinuria
Decrease myelination of white matter
143
Oculocerebral renal syndrome is AKA and Desc
Lowe syndrome; Cataracts, retardation, renal-tubular dz, rickets, supratentorial WM lesions
144
What is Tay-sachs dz
Axonal death-demylination
145
Mega neurites is ass'd with what disease (MPS)
MPS1-H - Hurlers
146
Cortical atrophy is seen in which MPS
MPS 3(San Filippo) and MPS2 (Hunter)
147
Brain changes in Wilsons disease
Calcificaions in Basal ganglia
148
MC location of MS in kids
Infratentorial
149
Def marchiatava-bignami
Alcoholics, demyelination of corpus callosum
150
What dz contains Lewy bodies
Alzheimers and Parkinson with frontal lobe atrophy
151
What is Picks dz
Frontotemporal lobe degeneration/atrophy with pick bodies
152
Def neural placode
Neuronal tissue surface open to the air (NO DURA)
153
MC cause of meningocele
Acquired --> Laminectomy
154
MC cause of tethered cord
Spinal lipoma
155
Anterior sacral meningocele is ass'd with what conditions
NF1 and Marfans
156
% of spinal hemangioblastomas in pts with VHL
30%
157
MC cause of pyogenic spondylitis
Staph aureus (2nd is enterobacter)
158
1st and 2nd MC cause of granulomatous spondylitis
TB and brucella
159
What type of cord matter do virus vs bacteria like
virus is gray
| bacteria is white
160
MC plaques in the cord are found where (in terms of axial slice)
Dorsolateral
161
What is Devic dz
Spinal MS and optic nerve only
162
MC spinal vascular anomaly
AVM/AVF type 1
163
spinal AVM MC location
TL junction
164
MC spinal location for osteochondroma
C2 usually SP or TP
165
MC loc of epidural lipomatosis
T/s> L/s, never C/s
166
Sinus seen on Caldwell projection
Frontal and ethmoid
167
Sinus seen on Waters
Maxilla
168
Sinus seen on Rheese projection
Post ethmoid with superimposition
169
MC sinus with sinusitis
Maxillary
170
Potts puffy tumor is
ST swelling over frontal sinus from OM
171
What is Coalescent mastoiditis and Bezold
Mastoiditis that speads to bone and Bezold when it breaks through the cortex to create a subperiosteal abscess
172
MC fx to skull base bone
Temporal bone
173
MC primary tumor of temporal bone
Glomus
174
MC salivary gland tumor
Pleomorphic adenoma
175
Def Warton tumor
benign parotid gland tumor
176
What is ass'd with spinal ependymoma
NF2
177
Meningiomas in kids is ass'd with what
NF2
178
Loc in the spinal cord (cross-section) for a hemangioblastoma
Posterior cord
179
Age and loc of a PNET brain
Children; sellar/suprasellar
180
Compression of the tectal plate can cause what syndrome
Perinaud syndrome - inability to gaze upward
181
DDx for a butterfly lesion of the corpus callosum
GBM, primary CNS lymphoma and mets
182
Loc of Rathke cleft cyst
Intra and suprasellar mixed - 70%
183
% of a solitary enhancing brain tumor is mets
50%
184
Imaging differences in parkinson plus syndromes (Multisystem atrophy vs Progressive supranuclear palsy)
MSA - Spares the midbrain
| PSP - Spares the Pons (hummingbird sign)
185
MC cause of basal ganglia calcification
Idiopathic/physiologic aging
186
Familial idiopathic striopallidodentate calcification is known as
Fahr dz
187
Rad of basilar meningitis
Intense enhancement with pituitary and parasellar involvement, Ca seen in late dz
188
MC loc and cause of empyema
Subdural space and sinusitis
189
DDx for lyme dz is
MS and ADEM
190
Ring enhancing lesions brain
DR MAGICAL
Demylinating (incomplete ring on the central portion), Radiation, Mets, Abscess, GBM, Infarct, Contusion, AIDS and Lymphoma
191
At what measurement is tonsilar herniation called
>5mm
192
Chiari 1 vs 2 is seen in what age
Chiari 1 = Adult, Chiari 2 = newborn
193
MC loc for a cephalocele
Occipital
194
What conditions typically affect corpus callosum development
Dandy-walker, lipoma, Chiari 2, encephalocele, migration anomalies
195
What chromosomal syndrome is ass'd with holoproscencephaly
Pateau (13)
196
Mild form holoproscencephaly
Septo-optic dysplasia
197
2 congenital syndrome with spinal stenosi
Achondroplasia and Morquio
198
Cap sign is suggestive of what spinal tumor
Ependymoma, can also be seen in hemangioblastoma and paragangliomas
