Neuro Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The three small molecule neurotransmitters are: ___, ___ and ___. ___ is excitatory, ___ is inhibitory and ___ can be either
A
Glutamate
GABA
ACh
2
Q
The three monoamines are ___, ___/___ and ___ and they are all ___
A
Dopamine
Norepinephrine/ epinephrine
Serotonin
Excitatory
3
Q
The two neuropeptides are ___ and ___
A
ACTH
Substance P
4
Q
___ is associated with Parkinson’s
A
Dopamine
5
Q
___ is associated with depression
A
Serotonin
6
Q
The primary motor cortex is located in the ___ ___
A
Precentral gyrus
7
Q
The frontal lobe deals mostly with ___ function but also has ___ and ___ functions
A
Motor
Executive
Speech
8
Q
The primary somatosensory cortex is in the ___ ___
A
Postcentral gyrus
9
Q
The parietal lobe deals mainly with ___ functions, but also deals with ___ and ___
A
Sensory
Language
Directions
10
Q
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ___ ___
A
Temporal lobe
11
Q
The temporal lobe is the main lobe for ___ functions and also deals with higher order ___ processing and ___ and ___
A
Auditory
Visual
Learning
Memory
12
Q
The primary visual cortex is located in the ___ ___ in the ___ lobe
A
Calcarine sulcus
Occipital lobe
13
Q
The limbic lobe deals with ___, drive related behaviors and ___
A
Emotions
Memory
14
Q
The term limbic comes from the Latin word __ meaning ___
A
Limbus
Border
15
Q
The four divisions of the diencephalon are the:
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
16
Q
The thalamus is known as the ___ ___ ___
A
Air traffic controller
17
Q
___ is the only sense that doesn’t stop in the thalamus
A
Olfaction
18
Q
The ___ is the major visceral control center
A
Hypothalamus
19
Q
The ___ ___ connects the ___ with the pituitary
A
Infundibular stalk
Hypothalamus
20
Q
The major components of the basal ganglia are the ___, ___, and the ___ ___
A
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
21
Q
The basal ganglia is involved in ___ ___
A
Movement control
22
Q
The two cranial nerves to bypass the brainstem are
A
I and II
23
Q
12 cranial nerves
A
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
24
Q
The CN’s associated with the midbrain are:
A
III and IV
25
The CN associated with the pons (from rostral to caudal) are:
V, VI, VII, VIII
26
The CN associated with the medulla (from rostral to caudal) are:
IX, X, XI, XII
27
The ___ ___ separates the cerebral hemispheres and the ___ ___ separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Falx cerebri
| Tentorium cerebelli
28
Herniations occur when ___ ___ increases
Intracranial pressure
29
Difference between epidural and subdural hemorrhages
Epidural is a tear of meninges love arteries (blood b/t skull and dura)
Subdural is tear of bridging veins (innermost dural layer)
30
Superficial veins of the head empty into ___ ___ ___ while deep veins empty into ___ ___
Superior sagittal sinus
| Straight sinus
31
The vertebral arteries fuse to become the ___ ___ at the ___
Basilar artery
| Pons
32
PICA supplies inferior ___ and lateral ___
Cerebellum
| Medulla
33
BA bifurcates at the ___ into 2 ___ ___ ___
Midbrain
| P C As
34
AICA and SCA come off of the ___ artery
Basilar
35
AICA supplies anterior inferior surface of ___ and caudal ___
Pons
36
SCA supplies superior ___, ___ midbrain and ___ ___
Cerebellum
Caudal midbrain
Rostral pons
37
___ ___ substances can go through the BBB
Lipid soluble
38
How does glucose cross BBB
Through facilitated diffusion
39
Derivatives of the neural crest (9)
```
VEAL TO GAG
Viscerocranium
Enteric / ANS (post ganglionic)
Leptomeninges
Trunks of great vessels
Odontoblasts
Ganglia
Adrenal medulla
Glial Cells
```
40
The spinal cord is first formed by ___ cells. Once the neural tube closes they will differentiate to become ___ that will help form the ___ layer
Neuroepithelium
Neuroblasts
Mantle
41
The layers of the spinal cord are (from deep to superficial) are:
Neuroepithelial layer
Mantle layer
Marginal layer
42
In the spinal cord, neuroepithelial cells can become ___ or ___ cells. The ___ can further become ___ or oligodendroglia
Neuroepithelial
Gliablast or ependymal
Gliablasts
Astrocyte
43
Microglia come from ___ ___ cells
Vascular mesenchymal
44
___ cells myelinate in the CNS and ___ cells myelinate in the PNS
Oligodendroglia
| Schwann
45
In adults, the spinal cord terminates around _ _ and the dura terminates at _ _
L2
| S2
46
6 nerve modalities and definition of each
Somatic Efferent - skeletal muscles (except from pharyngeal arches)
Special Visceral Efferent - skeletal from pharyngeal arches (except XI)
General Visceral Efferent - ANS
Somatic Afferent - touch, temp, pain
Special Afferent - taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance
General Visceral Afferent - Interoceptive info
47
From out to in, the modalities go ___, ___ ___, ___ ___
Somatic
Special visceral
General visceral
48
In the midbrain, the alar plate forms the ___
Colliculi
49
The pituitary gland is formed from the ___ and ___ ___
Infundibulum
| Rathke's Pouch
50
The adrenal cortex is derived from ___
Mesoderm
51
If the neural tube doesn't close in the cranial region, it is called ___ but if it is in the spinal region it is called ___ ___
Anencephaly
| Spina bifida
52
Spina bifida can be hidden (___) or can be with the spinal cord protruding (___) or with the subarachnoid space posterior to the cord protruding (___)
Occulta
Meningomyelocele
Meningocele
53
Muscles can have ___ ___ that detect muscle length and ___ ___ ___ that detect muscle tension
Muscle spindles
| Golgi tendon organs
54
The two enlargements of the spinal cord are in the ___ and ___ region because of nerves coming from the ___ and ___
Cervical and lumbar
| Arms and legs
55
The posterior intermediate sulcus is only found above level _ _
T6
56
In the anterior horn, the clusters of neurons that control axial muscles are more ___ and those that control limb muscles are more ___
Medial
| Lateral
57
The anterior horn at cervical levels contains the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___
Spinal accessory nucleus
| Phrenic nucleus
58
Difference between somatic and autonomic
Sympathetic and parasympathetic don't reach targets directly. They have a 2-neuron chain
59
Which autonomic part uses norepinephrine instead of ACh
Postganglionic axon of sympathetic
60
White communicating rami are from __ to __
T1 to L2/3
61
Sympathetic fibers reach the head through the ___ ___ and the ___ ___
Cervical ganglia
| Carotid plexus
62
Referred pain happens when ___ ___ and ___ ___ are innervated by the same cord level
Visceral structure
| Surface structure
63
Three special characteristics of neurons
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
High metabolic rate
64
Nissl body is ___ ___ ___ and ___ and are visualized by ___ stain
RER and Ribosomes
| Hematoxylin
65
From least to most common, the three types of neurons are
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
66
Most interneurons are ___ neurons
Multipolar
67
5 types of synapses
```
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Dendrodendritic
Dendrosomatic
```
68
Three ways neurotransmitters can be removed from receptor
Degradation by enzymes
Reuptake by astrocytes or presynapse
Diffusion away
69
5 types of neuroglia
```
SAME-O
Schwann
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Oligodendrocyte
```
70
Astrocytes have ___ ___ that surround ___
Perivascular feet
| Vessels
71
___ cells line ventricles
Ependymal
72
___ have elongated nuclei
Microglia
73
Schwann cells are found in ___ and oligodendrocytes are found in ___. Of the two, ___ can myelinate multiple axons at the same time, while ___ can only myelinate part of one axon
PNS
CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann (remember, one Schwann cell can surround multiple axons at the same time, but it's just for support)
74
___ cells ride on neuronal cell bodies
Satellite
75
In CNS, neuronal cell bodies are called ___ and neuronal axons are called ___
In PNS, neuronal cell bodies are called ___ and neuronal axons are called ___
Nuclei and tract
| Ganglia and nerve
76
___ ___ is used to see myelin sheath well
Osmium tetroxide
77
Three functions of brainstem
Conduit
Cranial nerve
Integrative
78
The RF helps regulates (6 things)
```
Posture
Stereotypic motor behaviors
Regulating internal environment
Pain regulation
Sleep and wakefulness
Emotional tone
```
79
The two reticulospinal tracts are the medial (___) and the lateral (___)
Pontine
| Medullary
80
How is the RF related to the corticospinal tract
It is an alternative to the CST
81
The RF is associated with ___ generators
Pattern
82
RF can do what to pain signals
Suppress or facilitate
83
In the RF, Norepinephrine is found in the ___ nucleus (of the medulla) and the ___ ___ (of the rostral pons)
Solitary
| Locus ceruleus
84
Norepinephrine in the trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord is made in the ___ medulla
Ventrolateral
85
Lack of norepinephrine is related to ___
Depression
86
Why do Parkinson's disease patients often have depression?
Locus ceruleus neurons are lost in Parkinson's
87
Dopamine is made in the ___ ___ and the ventral tegmental area
Substantia nigra
88
Schizophrenia is associated with what part of the brain and what chemical
Ventral tegmental area
| Dopamine
89
With schizo, too low dopamine causes ____ ___ and too much dopamine causes ___
Social withdrawal
| Hallucinations
90
Serotonergic neurons are located where im RF
All brainstem levels in raphe
91
Nucleus raphe Magnus works with ___ ___
Pain modulation
92
Locus ceruleus makes ___
Norepinephrine
93
The 4 components to the V nerve are the
Mesencephalic nucleus
Main sensory nucleus
Spinal nucleus
Motor nucleus
94
VII receives Afferent fibers from the ___ ___ and ___ ___ of the taste buds, parts of ___ ___ and ___ ___
Sends efferent fibers to control ___ and ___ glands, ___ and ___ glands and ___ glands
Controls muscles of ___ ___ and the ___
Outer ear
Anterior 2/3
Nasal cavity
Soft palate
Submandibular
Sublingual
Nasal and palatine
Lacrimal glands
Facial expression
Stapedius
95
VII motor innervates the ___ ___ bilaterally, but the ___ ___ is innervated contralaterally
Upper face
| Lower face
96
VII Afferent follow what pathway
Same as spinal trigeminal
97
The solitary tract deals with ___ sensory from ___ ___
Visceral sensory
| Taste buds
98
Trigeminal neuralgia can be caused by
Trigeminal compression by vessel or tumor
99
Corneal blink reflex: afferent is from ___ and efferent is from ___
Vi to SpV
| VII
100
Afferent limb of jaw jerk ___ ___
| Efferent limb ___ ___
Mesencephalic V
| V motor
101
Nervus intermedius splits into the ___ ___ nerve and the ___ ___ nerve
Great petrosal
| Chords typani
102
How are the taste buds innervated
VII - anterior 2/3 of tongue (CT), soft palate (GP) both go to GG then to solitary tract
IX - posterior 1/3 of tongue through inferior ganglion of IX to solitary tract
X - pharynx and epiglottis through inferior ganglion of X to solitary tract
103
Pacinian corpuscles detect
Vibration
104
Meissner corpuscles detect
Discriminative touch
105
Ruffini endings detect
Pressure
106
Merkel endings detect
Fine two point discrimination
107
DCML path detects ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___
Two point discrimination
| Conscious proprioception
108
STT / ALP conveys what
Pain and temperature
109
The three pathways that go to the cerebellum are the
Spinocerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
110
The PSCT conveys what
Proprioceptive info
| Ipsilateral leg proprioception
111
The cuneocerebellar tract conveys
Arm proprioception
112
The ASCT conveys
Attempted movement
113
The first Pharyngeal arch cartilage forms which 7 bones and 2 ligaments
```
Maxillary (inc. inf. Nasal concha)
Zygomatic
Vomer
Mandible
Squamous part of temporal
Malleus
Incus
```
Ant. Ligament of malleus
Sphenomandibular ligament
114
2nd arch forms which 3 bones and which ligament
Stapes
Styloid process
Lesser Cornu of hyoid
Stylohyoid ligament
115
The 3rd arch forms which two bones
Greater Cornu of hyoid
| Body of hyoid
116
4th and 6th arch forms which skeletal elements
Thyroid cartilage
| Cricoid cartilage
117
1st arch muscles
Mastication
Mylohyoid
Ant. Belly of digastric
Tiny tensors
118
2nd arch muscles
Facial expression
Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid
119
3rd arch muscles
Stylopharyngeus
120
4th/6th arch muscles
Pharyngeal constrictor
Levator veli palatini
Cricothyroid
Muscles of larynx
121
Pouch 1 derivatives
Tympanic cavity
| Eustachian tube
122
Pouch 2 derivatives
Palatine tonsil
123
Pouch 3 derivatives
Inferior parathyroid gland
| Thymus
124
Pouch 4 derivatives
Superior parathyroid glands
| Ultimopharyngeal body
125
2-4 phar. Grooves/clefts become what
Cervical sinus and possibly cervical vesicle
126
Thyroid gland is connected to what
Foramen cecum of tongue
127
Difference between cervical cyst and thyroglossal duct cyst
Cervical is lateral, thyroglossal is medial
128
What forms the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Hypopharyngeal eminence overgrown copula
129
___ ___ separates the posterior 1/3 from anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Terminal sulcus
130
Extrafusal vs intrafusal muscle fibers
Extrafusal do work
| Intrafusal do maintenance
131
Spastic paralysis is a result of ___ injury
UMN
132
Flexor motor neurons are more ___ and extensors are more
Posterior
| Anterior
133
How to remember type 1 muscle fiber
One slow fat red ox
134
___ ___ and ___ control motor movements
Basal ganglia
| Cerebellum
135
The three most important and three less important descending motor pathways
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Corticopontine
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
136
Corticospinal tract originates in what 5 places
```
Primary motor area (precentral gyrus)
Somatic sensory area (post central)
Premotor area (lateral of cerebrum)
Supplementary motor (medial of cerebrum)
Superior parietal
```
137
Premotor area does what
Plans movement
Controls proximal and axial muscles
Empathetic facial movements
138
Location of premotor area vs supplemental motor area
Premotor is lateral and the supplemental is medial
139
Supplemental motor area does what
Plans movements while thinking (pitcher planning out game)
140
What influence on motor function does the parietal lobe have
Directs motor patterns in response to sensory input
141
T/F all movements are dependent on CST
False. After a time you can move again but lose fine finger movement
142
Where does the CST decussate
Spinomedullary junction
143
Does all the CST cross
80% do
144
Corticospinal tract in brainstem
Midbrain - middle third of cerebral peduncle
Pons - right in the anteromedial section
Medulla - pyramids
145
Rubrospinal tract does what
Controls shoulder and proximal arm muscles
146
Reticulospinal tract does what
Control of axial musculature - walking
147
Vestibulospinal tract does what
Controls axial muscles - balance
148
Tectospinal tract does wha
Head turning reflexes to visual stimuli
149
Corticobulbar pathway includes which cranial nerves
V, VII, X (nucleus ambiguus), XI, XII
150
Lifespan of an olfactory receptor
1-2 months
151
Lateral vs medial olfactory Syria
Lateral is most significant
| Medial is emotional response to smell
152
T/F olfactory is ipsilateral
True
153
IV controls which eye muscle
Superior oblique
154
VI controls which eye muscle
Lateral rectus
155
CN III does what
Controls eye muscles except S Oblique and lateral rectus
Controls sphincter papillae muscle
156
III is visible at what brainstem level
Rostral midbrain
157
IV is visible at what level
Caudal midbrain
158
VI is visible at what brainstem level
Caudal pons
159
MLF does what
Coordinates eye muscles
160
XII nucleus is visible at what level
Rostral medulla
161
IX can be seen on what level
Rostral medulla
162
Tongue thrust afferent/efferent limb
Afferent is CN V or IX
| Efferent is XII
163
Gag reflex afferent and efferent
Afferent IX
| Efferent X
164
CSF flows from the lateral and third ventricles through the ___ ___ to the ___ ___ then out the ___ and ___ ___ down the brainstem and spinal cord, around the brain surface into the ___ ___ ___
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Lateral and median apertures
Superior sagittal sinus
165
Optic tract fibers end where
Lateral geniculate nucleus
166
From the LGN where and how do optic signals travel
Through optic radiations to calcarine sulcus
