Test 3 Flashcards by Casey Kariya

Reticular layer is made of ___ ___ tissue

Dense irregular

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Innermost layer of pacinian corpuscle is ___ cells

Schwann

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Hair follicles are in ___ skin only

Thin

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Eccrine sweat glands are involved in ___

Thermoregulation

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Eccrine sweat glands are ___ ___ ___ glands

Simple coiled tubule

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Apocrine sweat glands are associated with ___ ___ and become functional at ___. They are located in ___ and ___ regions

Hair follicles
Puberty
Axillary, pubic

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Thick skin is located on the ___ of the ___ and the ___ of the ___

Palms of the hands

Soles of the feet

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Keratinocytes make up ___% of cells in epidermis

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Stratum basale is made of ___ ___ epithelium

Simple cuboidal

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Stratum basale are dark colored because they are filled with ___ that make ___

Ribosomes

Keratin

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Stratum granulosum has ___ granules

Keratohyalin

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5 layers of epithelium

B
S
G
L
C

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___ cells have endocrine functions in epithelium

Langerhans

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Langerhans cells are located in the ___ ___

Stratum spinosum

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Merkel’s cells are associated with ___ neurons

Sensory

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The two layers of the dermis are the ___ and the ___ layer of dermis

Papillary and the reticular

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Papillary layer of the dermis is made of ___ ___ tissue and the reticular layer of the dermis is made of ___ ___ tissue

Loose connective

Dense connective

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The ___ ___ looks like a red onion

Pacinian corpuscle

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The 4 epidermal derivatives are:

Hair follicles/ hair
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Nails

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The 6 functions of the integumentary system are:

Exocrine
Protective
Immunologic
Sensory
Homeostasis
Endocrine

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Epidermis is derived from ___

Ectoderm

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Dermis is derived from ___

Mesoderm

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The ___ layer of epidermis is not present in thin skin

Stratum lucidum

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Melanocytes are ___ % of epidermal cells

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Langerhans' cells are ___% of epidermis

Merkel's cells are ___% of epidermis

Keratin filaments are classified as ___ ___ or ___

Intermediate filaments | Tonofilaments

Keratinocytes participate in formation of the water barrier via production of ___ ___

Lamellar bodies

Production of intermediate (keratin) filaments begins in the ___ ___

Stratum basale

Cells in stratum spinosum are attached to other cells via ___

Desmosomes

Bundles of intermediate filaments are called ___

Tonofibrils

Production of ___ ___ and ___ ___ begins in stratum spinosum

Keratohyalin granules | Lamellar bodies

Conversion of granular cells to cornified cells is called ___

Keratinization

Lamellar bodies are released within the ___ ___

Stratum granulosum

Cells in stratum corneum are filled 85% filled with ___

Keratin

Melanin is synthesized and stored in ___ of the melanocytes

Melanosomes

Melanocyte cell bodies are located in the ___ ___ and the processes extend into the ___ ___

Stratum basale | Stratum spinosum

Antigen presenting cells (langerhan's cells) are found in the ___ ___

Stratum spinosum

Langerhan's cells are derived from ___ ___

Bone marrow

Antigen from langerhan's cells go to ___ ___

T lymphocytes

Merkel's cells are located in the ___ ___

Stratum basale

The three major types of skin cancer are ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cells carcinoma Malignant melanoma

___ ___ ___ is the most common type of skin cancer and resembles cells of stratum basale

Basal cell carcinoma

___ ___ is the most serious form of skin cancer

Malignant melanoma

Reticular layer of the dermis is made of ___ ___ ___ tissue

Dense irregular connective

There are fewer cells in the ___ ___ of the dermis

Reticular layer

Pacinian corpuscles are found in the ___ and the ___

Dermis and the hypodermis

Pacinian corpuscles are ___ ___ ___ surrounded by a capsule of ___ ___

Myelinated nerve endings | Concentric lamellar

Pacinian corpuscles detect ___ and ___

Pressure and vibration

___ ___ are located within dermal papillae of hairless cells

Meissner's corpuscles

Flattened ___ ___ form lamellae of meissner's corpuscles

Schwann cells

Meissner's corpuscles detect ___ ___

Light touch

Eccrine sweat glands are ___ ___ ___ glands

Simple coiled tubular

Chrondroblasts are derived from ___

Mesenchyme

Chondroblasts ___ the extracellular matrix

Secrete

Chondrocytes ___ the extra cellular matrix

Maintain

Eccrine glands secrete by ___ secretion

Merocrine

The ___ portion of eccrine glands stain darker

Duct

Apocrine glands are ___ ___ glands

Coiled tubular

___ sweat glands are wider

Apocrine

The secretory portion of apocrine ducts are made of ___ ___ epithelium and the duct portion of apocrine glands are made of ___ ___ epithelium

Simple cuboidal | Stratified cuboidal

Sebaceous glands are found everywhere but ___ skin

Thick

Sebaceous glands secrete by ___ secretion

Holocrine

The two types of ossification are ___ and ___ ossification

Intramembranous and endochondral

Chondroblasts come from ___ ___ cells

Mesenchymal stem

The two mechanisms of cartilage growth are ___ and ___ growth

Appositional and interstitial

The three types of cartilage are ___, ___ and ___ cartilage

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

___ cartilage is the most common in the body

Hyaline

Type ___ collagen fibers are unable to been seen in hist. Sections

6 locations of hyaline cartilage

``` Articular surfaces Nose Larynx Tracheal rings Epiphyseal plates Fetal bone models ```

T/F perichondrium is present in hyaline cartilage

T, not around articular cartilage (would be easily damaged)

High concentration of ___ ___s make hyaline cartilage basophilic

Sulfated GAGs

How to tell chondrocytes from chondroblasts

Chondroblasts are towards the periphery and chondrocytes are isolated in matrix

Elastic cartilage has a ECM made of type ___ collagen

4 places elastic cartilage is found

Auricle Auditory canal Auditory tube Epiglottis

T/F: perichondrium is present in elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage has type ___ collagen

3 general places for fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs Pubis symphysis Major tendon-bone anchorages

T/F perichondrium is present in fibrocartilage

Osteoblasts come from ___ ___ cells but osteoclasts come from ___

Mesenchymal stem cells | Monocytes

The 5 types of bone based on shape are:

``` Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid ```

The 3 different parts of a long bone are:

Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis

___ fibers connect the periosteum to the bone

Sharpey's

4 cell types in bone

Osetogenic cell Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

GAGs are a type of _ _ _

BMP

Osteocalsin is a ___ _ dependent protein that signals for ___ of osteoid and for inorganic to be laid on organic portion

Vitamin K | Calcification

The inorganic part of bone ECM is made of ___ ___

Hydroxyapatite crystals

___ ___ become ___ which become osteocytes

Osteogenic cells | Osteoblasts

___ have a ruffled border

Osteoclasts

___ or ___ bone has lamellae

Lamellar or mature bone

The ___ line is the outer boundary of each osteon

Cement

What are the 5 zones at the epiphyseal plate?

``` Rest zone Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcified cartilage Zone of ossification ``` ``` Real Pubs Have Coke Only ```

The ___ of ___ ___ stains most basophilic

Zone of proliferating cartilage

In muscle, cytoplasm is called ___

Sarcoplasm

___ muscle is strong, quick and discontinuous

Skeletal

___ muscle is strong, quick and continuous

Cardiac

___ muscle is weak, slow and involuntary

Smooth

The 4 special characteristics of muscle tissue are

Excitability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity

Skeletal muscle has ___, ___ nuclei

Peripheral, oval nuclei

Skeletal muscle cells have ___ nuclei

Multiple

In a cross section of skeletal muscle, the nuclei are at the ___

Periphery

In cardiac muscle, the nuclei are located in the ___

Center

Cardiac cells have ___ nuclei

Smooth muscle is different than the others because it is ___

Nonstriated

Smooth muscle have ___ nucle* per cell

One

Smooth muscle can sometimes have a ___ nucleus

Corkscrew

The three types of skeletal muscle are:

Type I Type IIa Type IIb

Type I fibers are ___, ___ oxidative fibers

Slow, red oxidative

Type IIa fibers are ___, ___ ___ glycolytic fibers

Fast, intermediate oxidative

Type IIb fibers are ___, ___ ___ fibers

Fast, white glycolytic

Type I fibers have many ___ and lots of ___

Mitochondria and lots of myoglobin

Type 1 skeletal muscle fibers derive energy from ___ ___ ___ of fatty acids

Aerobic oxidative phosphorylation

An example of type I fibers are ___ muscles because they are have slow, continuous contractions over long periods of time

Posture

In muscle fibers, ___ gives the fibers a pale or white appearance

Glycogen

Type IIa fibers have many ___ and lots of ___ AND ___

Mitochondria and lots of myoglobin AND glycogen

Type IIb fibers have fewer ___ and ___ but lots of ___

Mitochondria and myoglobin | Glycogen

Type IIb fibers produce energy from both ___ ___ and ___ ___

Oxidative metabolism and | Anaerobic glycolysis

Type IIb fibers derive energy primarily from ___ ___

Anaerobic glycolysis

A bands are the portion of the sarcomere where ___ is located

Myosin

Triads are made of 2 ___ of ___ ___ and one _ ___

Tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum | T tubule

A fine control motor unit is made of __ motor neuron and __ muscle fiber

1 | 1

Motor neuron activation and muscle fiber contraction (16 steps)

1. Action potential travels to axon terminal 2. Calcium enters axon terminal 3. Calcium triggers release of ACh 4. ACh diffuses from axon terminals to motor end plate in muscle fiber 5. ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate, increasing Na and K permeability 6. Na moves in to the fiber and K moves out, creating end plate potential 7. Local currents depolarize the adjacent muscle cell, creating action potential that travels to T tubules 8. Action potential in T tubules stimulates release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum 9. Ca binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to unblock binding sites on actin 10. Myosin binds to actin 11. Cross-bridge binding triggers release of ATP hydrolysis products from myosin, producing an angular movement of each cross bridge 12. ATP binds to myosin, breaking actin-myosin cross-bridge 13. ATP bound to myosin is split, energizing myosin cross-bridge 14. Repeat 10-13 15. Ca in cytosol decreases as Ca is moved into SR 16. Ca is removed from troponin and actin site is blocked again

The 3 connective sheaths associated with skeletal muscle:

Endomysium Perimysium Eipmysium

4 components of a muscle (organ)

Skeletal muscle tissue Vessels Nerve fibers Connective tissue

There are larger mitochondria in ___ muscle

Cardiac

___ muscle cells are long, cylindrical, but ___ cells are short fat and branched

Skeletal | Cardiac

___ muscle has intercalated discs

Cardiac

___ muscle cells have a simple SR, whereas ___ muscle cells have more complex SR

Cardiac | Skeletal

Smooth muscle looks ___ when it is in a contracted state

Twisted

There is ~__ L of blood in a body, or _%-_% total body weight

6 L | 7%-8%

The two parts of blood are ___ ___ and ___

Formed elements | Plasma

The two types of formed elements are ___ and ___ ___

Cells | Cell fragments

Hematocrit is the volume of ___ ___ ___ in a sample of blood

Red blood cells

Normal hematocrit for men is __-__% | Normal hematocrit for women is __-__%

39-50% | 35-45%

Plasma is __% water, __% protein and __% other salutes

92 7 1

3 primary plasma proteins are

Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen

___ makes up half of the plasma proteins

Albumin

Albumin exerts ___ ___, helps maintain ___ ___

Concentration gradient | Osmotic pressure

Blood smears are stained with ___ ___

Wrights' stain

The diameter of a RBC is ___ µm Edge thickness of RBC is ___µm Central thickness of RBC is ___µm

7. 8 2. 6 0. 8

Lifespan of an RBC is ___ days

120

Each hemoglobin protein binds __ O2 molecules

Leukocytes are classified on the presence of ___ ___ and ___ ___

Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes | Mononuclear Agranulocytes

The 3 types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes are:

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Multilobed nuclei and specific granules are contained in ___ ___

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

___ ___ have no specific granules, contain azurophilic granules and have rounded nuclei

Mononuclear agranulocytes

___ are the most numerous leukocytes

Neutrophils

Neutrophil granules contain ___ and ___

Lysozyme and peroxidases

___ have nuclei with several lobes

Neutrophils

___ are first responders to infection

Neutrophils

___ accumulate as pus

Neutrophils

___ have a light, bilobed nucleus

Eosinophils

___ are the least abundant leukocyte

Basophils

Eosinophil granules contain ___, ___ and ___ Basophil granules contain ___, ___ and ___ ___

Peroxidase, histaminase and arylsulfatase Histamine, serotonin and heparin sulfate

Lymphocytes are __-__% of leukocytes

26-28%

Nuclei in lymphocytes are ___, ___ and slightly indented

Dark, large

The three types of lymphocytes are:

T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells

___ lymphocytes produce antibodies

___ lymphocytes have cell-mediated immunity ___ lymphocytes have humoral immunity

T B

___ differentiate into macrophages

Monocytes

___ have a grey foamy texture

Monocytes

Monocyte vs. lymphocyte

Monocyte is larger and has lighter colored horseshoe nucleus, lymphocyte is smaller and has a darker nucleus

Most common to least common leukocytes

``` Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil ```

Thrombocytes are derived from ___

Megakaryocytes

Monocytes come from ___ stem cells

Hematopoietic

A HSC can become a ___ or a ___

Common myeloid progenitor | Common lymphoid progenitor

CLPs can only become (3 things)

NK cells T cells B cells

CMP can become (7 things, Ed)

``` Dendritic cell Neutrophil Mast cell Eosinophil Macrophage Platelets Erythrocytes ``` ``` Do Not Make Extra Mashed Potatoes Ed ```

Potentiality and mitotic rate are ___ related

Inversely

The steps to become an erythroblast:

``` HSC CMP MEP ErP PE BE PE OE PEc ```

Granulocytes go from ___ to ___ to ___ to ___ to mature cells

Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte

Megakaryocytes send out ___ that break off as platelets

Extensions

Bone marrow cellularity =

100 - age +/- 10%

The trapezius m. Does what 3 things

Elevates, depresses and retracts scapula

What nerves Innervate the trapezius m.?

Accessory nerve and C3 and C4

What a/v supply the trapezius?

Transverse cervical

Lat. dorsi does what 3 things

Adducts, extends and medically rotates humerus

What nerve and which vessels supply the lat

Thoracodorsal n. Thoracodorsal vessels Intercostal vessels

Which 3 nerves innervate the levator scapula

C3, C4 and dorsal scapular nerves

Rhomboid major and minor do what

Retract (adduct), and elevate scapula

What vessels and nerve supply the rhomboid muscles

Dorsal scapular n and vessels

Splenius capitus muscle 3 functions

Draw head backward Extend neck Rotate head/face (ipsilaterally)

Splenius cervicis m actions

Bilaterally extend neck | Rotate head/face ipsilaterally

Splenius capitus and cervicis Nerve innervation

Posterior rami of the middle and lower cervical n.

The 3 muscles that make up the deep suboccipital triangle are: And the other that is there but isn't part of the triangle is:

Obliquus capitus superior Obliquus capitus inferior Rectus capitis posterior major Rectus capitis posterior minor

The nerve that serves the occipital region is the ___ ___ nerve (_ _) The vessels to the occipital region are the:

Greater occipital nerve (C2) Occipital a/v

The deep muscles of the back are the ___ ___ and the ___ and ____

Erector spinae Multifidus Rotatores

The three minor deep muscles of the back are the ___, ___ and the ___

Interspinalis Intertransversarius Levatores costarum

The superficial and intermediate muscles of the back are supplied by the ___ ___ but the deep muscles are supplied by the ___ ___

Ventral rami | Dorsal rami

The two functions of the serratus anterior are

Protracts scapula | Holds scapula to body wall

Serratus anterior is innervated by the ___ ___ nerve and supplied by the ___ ___ vessels

Long thoracic nerve | Lateral thoracic vessels

Triangle of auscultation is between the _ and _ ribs

6 and 7

The boundaries or the lumbar triangle are the ___ ___, ___ ___ and the iliac crest

Latissimus dorsi | External oblique

The ___ ___ vein connects the cephalic and basilic

Median cubital

Superiorly, the cephalic vein runs in the ___ groove

Deltopectoral

The three motor neurons of the upper arm are the: The two cutaneous nerves of the upper arm are the:

Musculocutaneous, median, ulnar Medial brachial, medial antibrachial cutaneous

What is different about the brachialis m. from the coracobrachialis and the biceps brachii?

Brachialis is innervated by the radial n. As well as the musculocutaneous

The triangular interval contains the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___

Radial n. | Deep brachial a.

All of the origins of the triceps brachii are ___ to the ___ muscle

Deep to the deltoid

The cubital fossa contains the ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ and the ___ ___

Biceps brachii tendon Brachial artery Median nerve

Medially, the clavicle articulates with the ___ at the ___ joint Laterally, the clavicle articulates with the ___ at the ___ joint

Manubrium at the sternoclavicular joint Scapula at the acromioclavicular joint

The bump on the lateral side of the clavicle is the ___ ___

Conoid tubercle

T/F the scapula has bony articulations with the back

False

On the humerus, the greater tubercle is ___ and the lesser tubercle is ___

Lateral Anterior

The ___ n. and the ___ ___ a. lie in the radial groove of the humerus

Radial nerve | Profunda brachii a.

The ___ epicondyle is smaller than the ___ epicondyle

Lateral is smaller than the medial

The two parts of the condyle are the ___ (on the radial side) and the ___ (on the ulnar side)

Capitulum and the trochlea

The olecranon is on the ___

Ulna

The dorsal tubercle is found on the ___

Radius

The first row of carpal bones, from medial to lateral are the ___, ___, ___, and the ___ The second row of carpal bones from medial to lateral are the ___, ___, ___, and the ___

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquertum, and the Pisiform Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and the Hamate Salt Lake Takes Piss To Ten Cali Hospitals

The radius articulates with the ___ of the humerus

Capitulum

The two muscles that pronate the hand are the ___ ___ and ___ ___ The two muscles that supinate the hand are the ___ and the ___ ___

Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Supinator Biceps brachii

The four muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm are the ___ ___, ___ ___ ___, ___ ___, and the ___ ___ ___

Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

There are ___ muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm

8 - 4, 1, 3

The musculocutaneous nerve emerges through the bb and the brachialis to form the ___ ___ ___ nerve

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

The three things in the cubital fossa are the ___ ___, ___ ___ and the ___ of the ___ ___

Median nerve Brachial artery Tendon of the biceps brachii muscle

The brachial a splits to the ___ and the ___ arteries at the ___ ___

Radial and ulnar | Cubital fossa

Paraxial mesoderm goes to ___ which becomes Vertebral column, ribs and ___

Mesenchyme | Neurocranium

Lateral plate mesoderm goes to ___ which becomes Pectoral girdle, ___ ___, ___ and ___

Mesenchyme | Pelvic girdle, limbs and sternum

Neural crest cells go to ___ which becomes ___ and ___ bone

Mesenchyme | Vicerocranium and hyoid bone

Sclerotome forms all of the axial skeleton except the ___ and a portion of the skull

Sternum

Sclerotome cells surround neural tube and notochord at the ___ week

4th

In sclerotome segments, the cranial portion is ___ dense than the caudal portion

Less

The dense portion of the sclerotome segment forms the ___ ___ of IV discs

Annulus fibrosus

Ribs and vertebrae are both formed from ___ ___ because ribs are formed as lateral extensions of costal processes from thoracic vertebrae

Paraxial mesoderm

The sternum forms from ___ ___ ___ ___ and fuses ___ to ___

Lateral plate somatic mesoderm | Cranially to caudally

___ ___ form a portion of the neurocranium

Occipital so it's

The base of the skull is formed by ___ ___ while the rest of the skull is formed by ___ ___

Endochondral ossification | Intramembranous ossification

Hyaline cartilage models of limbs starts in the ___ week

5th

Ossification begins at the __/__ week

7/8

By the ___ week, primary ossification centers are present in all long bones

12th

At birth, ___ are ossified but ___ ossify after birth

Diaphyses | Epiphyses

Skeletal muscle is derived from ___ ___

Paraxial mesoderm

Cardiac muscle is derived from ___ ___ ___

Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

Smooth muscle of GI tract is derived from ___ ___ ___

Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

Skeletal muscle: | ___ ___ -> ___ -> ___ -> mature skeletal muscle fiber

Embryonic mesoderm Myoblasts Myotube

Progenitor cells for muscle tissues are derived from the ___ and ___ lips of the dermomyotome

Dorsomedial | Ventrolateral

The ___ ___ ___ separates paraxial mesoderm from ___ ___ ___ ___

Lateral Semitic frontier | Lateral plate somatic mesoderm

Epaxial is the ___ group | Hypaxial is the ___ group

Posterior | Anterior

Smooth muscle of the eye is derived from ___, smooth muscle of mammary, salivary and sweat glands is derived from ___ ___

Neuroectoderm | Surface ectoderm

Limb buds emerge toward end of week ___

Limb buds are made of ___ lined by ___ ___

Mesenchyme | Surface ectoderm

For limb growth, the _ _ _ sends signals to the mesenchyme of the ___ ___

AER (apical ectodermal ridge) | Progress zone

The UL rotates ___ | The LL rotates ___

Laterally | Medially

Meromelia vs amelia

Meromelia is missing part of a limb | Amelia is missing whole limb

Polydactlyly vs syndactyly

Poly is extra, syn is fused

The deltoid is supplied by the ___ n and ___ ___ ___ vessels

Axillary | Posterior circumflex humeral

The teres major m. Does what

Medially rotates and extends humerus

Teres major is supplied by

Inferior Subscapular nerve and subscapular vessels

The supraspinatus is supplied by the ___ n. And vessels and ___ ___ vessels

Suprascapular | Dorsal scapular

Infraspinatus is supplied by ___ n and vessels and ___ vessels

Suprascapular | Subscapular

Teres minor is supplied by ___ n. And ___ and ___ vessels

Axillary Suprascapular Subscapular

Subscapularis is supplied by upper and lower ___ nn and ___ vessels

Subscapular | Subscapular

The 4 muscles of rotator cuff

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

The ___ tendon wears away fusing the subdeltoid bursa with the joint capsule

Supraspinatus

The ___ n and ___ ___ ___ a. Are in the quadrangular space

Axillary n. | Posterior circumflex humeral

The ___ n and the ___ ___ a are found in the triangular interval

Radial n | Profunda brachii a

The ___ ___ a is found in the triangular space

Circumflex scapular

The ___ ___ ___ ligament separates the ___ n and the ___ a at the suprascapular notch

Superior transverse scapular Suprascapular Suprascapular

Suprascapular n and a supply the ___ and the ___ mm

Supraspinatus | Infraspinatus

___ ___ n and ___ ___ ___ a run parallel to medial border of scapula

Dorsal scapular | Deep transverse cervical

Levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles are supplied by the ___ ___ n and ___ ___ ___ a

Dorsal scapular | Deep transverse cervical

The trapezius is supplied by the ___ n and ___ ___ a

Accessory n | Transverse cervical

Teres major is supplied by ___ ___ n

Lower subscapular

The subscapularis muscle is supplied by the ___ and ___ ___ n

Upper and lower subscapular

The two heads of the pec major are the ___ and ___ heads

Clavicular | Sternocostal

The ___ pectoral n supplies both pec major and minor but the ___ pectoral n only supplies pec major

Medial | Lateral

The ___ vessels supply pec major and minor

Thoracoacromial

The ___ ___ a runs with long thoracic nerve

Lateral thoracic

The internal thoracic artery is a branch of the ___ a

Subclavian

The four branches of the thoracoacromial a. Are the: Police

Acromial Clavicular Pectoral Deltoid

Axillary artery: 1st part: ___ branches, ___ ___ a. 2nd part: ___ branches, ___ a. And ___ ___ a. The ___ a has 4 branches _ _ _ _ 3rd part: ___ branches, ___ a, ___ ___ ___ a, ___ ___ ___ a

1st: 1 branch, superior thoracic a. 2nd: 2 branches, thoracoacromial a., lateral thoracic a. The thoracoacromial has 4 branches, ACPD 3rd: 3 branches, subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral a., posterior circumflex a.

General sensory nerves of the scap and pec regions are ___ - ___ and the lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of ___ nn.

T1-T6 | Intercostal

The walls of the axilla are

``` Pec major and minor Lat, teres major, subscapularis Serratus anterior Humerus Bottom is skin ```

The 5 nodes of axilla are the

``` Central Humeral Apical Pectoral Subscapular ```

The dermatomes of the UL are __, __, __, __, __

``` C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 ```

The ___ ___ m. divides the axillary a into 3 parts

Pec minor m

The three upper plexus nerves are the ___ ___ n., the ___ ___ n. And the ___ n.

Dorsal scapular Long thoracic Suprascapular

The three lower plexus nerves are ___ ___ n, ___ n, and the ___ ___ n

Upper subscapular Thoracodorsal Lower subscapular

The RCL resists what forces?

Varus - away from midline

The UCL resists what forces

Valgus - toward midline

Nursemaid elbow is what

Head of radius pops out of anular ligament

The brachial artery starts when

When axillary crosses lower border of teres major

The collateral anastomoses on the ulnar side of the elbow are the ___ ___ ___ a to the ___ ___ ___ a and the ___ ___ ___ a to the ___ ___ ___ a

Superior ulnar collateral to Posterior ulnar recurrent Inferior ulnar collateral to Anterior ulnar recurrent SP IA

The trend of the collateral anastomoses is ____ to ___

Collateral to recurrent

The collateral anastomosis on the radial side: | ___ ___ a to ___ ___ a

Radial collateral a to | Radial recurrent a.

The posterior collateral anastomosis is: | ___ ___ a to ___ ___ a

Middle collateral a to | Interosseus recurrent a.

The lateral border of the cubital fossa is the ___ m. And the medial border is the ___ ___ m.

Brachioradialis m. | Pronator teres m.

The two heads of the pronator teres are the ___ head and the ___ head

Humeral head | Ulnar head

The only muscle of the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm is the ___ ___ ___ m

Flexor digitorum superficialis

The muscle that has innervation by median and ulnar nerve is the ___ ___ ___ m

Flexor digitorum profundus

The three muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm are the ___ ___ ___, the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ muscles

Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus

There are __ muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm and ___ muscles in the deep layer.

7 | 5

The brachioradialis does what

Flexes the elbow

The weird muscle of the sup. Post. Compartment of forearm is the ___

Anconeus

The two paired post. Sup. Muscles of the forearm on the radial side are the ___ ___ ___ ___, and ___ ___ ___ ___ muscles

Extensor carpi radialis longus | Extensor carpi radialis breves

The two paired superficial posterior forearm muscles are the ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ muscles

Extensor digiti minimi | Extensor carpi ulnaris

The weird muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the forearm is the ___

Supinator

To remember the other muscles in the deep layer of the post. Compartment of the forearm you go (from lateral to medial): ___, ___, ___ Pollicis ___, ___, ___

Abductor, extensor, extensor | Longus, brevis, longus

The snuff box at the thumb is formed between the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___

Extensor pollicis brevis | Extensor pollicis longus

The arteries of the forearm come together superficially as the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___ meet The arteries of the forearm come together deep as the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___ meet

Superficial palmar branch Superficial palmar arch Deep palmar branch Deep palmar arch

The ulnar artery becomes the ___ ___ ___

Superficial palmar arch

The radial artery becomes the ___ ___ ___

Deep palmar arch