Test 2 Flashcards by Casey Kariya

Layers of the abdominal wall

Skin.                                Steve
Camper fascia.              Cooked
Scarpa fascia.                Six
External oblique.           Eggs
Internal oblique.             In
Transversus abdominis The
Transversalis fascia.      Tiny
Extraperitoneal fat.        Evil
Parietal peritoneum.      Pot

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Superior to arcuate line, the ant. Ab. Wall layers are organized how

1.5/1.5

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Inferior to arcuate line, the ant. Ab. Wall is organized how

3 in front, only transversalis fascia in back

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What do the median, medial and lateral umbilical folds contain?

Median - median umbilical ligament (uracus)
Medial - portions of umbilical artery
Lateral - inferior epigastric vessels

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What are the two vessels in the campers fascia

Superficial Circumflex a./v.

Superficial Epigastric a./v.

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Between what layers does the deep circumflex iliac a./v. Run?

Between IO/TÁ

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Where does the inferior epigastric a./v. Enter the rectus sheath?

Arcuate line

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What vessels supply the upper rectus abdominus mm.

Superior epigastric vessels

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Where does the musculophrenic a./v. Run?

Costal cartilages

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Nerves of abdominal wall

Ventral Rami (efferent, motor) of T7-L1 spinal nn.

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T7-T9 supply what region
T10 supplies what region
T11-L1 supply what region

Region above umbilicus
Umbilicus
Region below umbilicus

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What does the inguinal ligament come from, where does it extend to/from

Folded inferior border of the EO aponeurosis

From ASIS to pubic tubercle

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What does the male inguinal canal contain? Female?

Male: vas deferens, testicular nn. /vessels, cremasteric m./fascia
Female: round ligament of uterus

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Superficial ring is an opening in what

Deep ring is opening in what

EO aponeurosis

Transversalis fascia

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Where are the superficial and deep ring located?

S: lateral to pubic tubercle
D: lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

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4 walls of inguinal canals

Anterior: EO aponeurosis
Posterior: transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon
Roof: IO/TA muscles
Floor: inguinal ligament

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3 layers of hernial sac

Peritoneum, extraperitoneal fat, transversalis fascia

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Indirect vs. direct hernia

I: through inguinal canal both deep and superficial rings, lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
D: Through inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle, medial to inferior epigastric vessels, through conjoint tendon, not in scrotum/labia

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3 other types of hernias

Femoral, umbilical, epigastric

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What are the functions of the greater omentum? Why are adhesions bad?

It can wall off infections and inflammation sites

Can strangulate

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What are the parts that make up the greater omentum

Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrophrenic ligament

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What does the lesser omentum attach to?

What are the two portions that connect the lesser omentum to the liver?

Lesser curvature of stomach, liver, and duodenum

Hepatogastric ligament, hepatoduodenal ligament

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Where is the portal triad contained

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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What are the three parts of the portal triad

Hepatic a.
Portal v.
Bile duct

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What does the mesentery proper do?

Anchors most of the small intestine to posterior abd. Wall

What anchors the duodenum to the posterior abd. Wall, where is it and why does it do that

Suspensory ligament of treitz Descends from R. Crus of diaphragm Prevents duodenojejunal jxn. From sagging

Transverse mesocolon divides abdominal cavity into two compartments. What is in the superior compartment? The inferior compartment?

Stomach, liver, spleen | Small intestine, ascending/descending colon (mesentery of small intestine divides inferior into L and R)

What did the umbilical vein do

Delivered oxygenated blood to fetus

Falciform ligament divides liver into L/R lobes and does what else? What does it contain?

Anchors liver to diaphragm and anterior body wall Round ligament of the liver

What was the round ligament of the liver? What is it's alternate name

Left umbilical vein Ligamentum teres hepatis

What is the anterior/posterior coronary ligament, what does it do

Reflection of peritoneum around the bare area of the liver Attaches liver to inferior surface of the diaphragm

What did the urachus used to be, how does it form and where does it extend

Allantois It constricts and becomes the thick fibrous cord Extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus

Medial umbilical folds cover what? What did they used to be?

Medial umbilical ligaments Occluded portions of umbilical aa.

Lateral umbilical folds cover the ____ ____ ____

Inferior epigastric vessels

The peritoneal pouches are the_____ and _____ pouches. Women also have the ____ pouch

Hepatorenal and rectovesical (rectouterine) pouches Vesicouterine

Other name for hepatorenal pouch is the pouch of _____

Pouch of Morrison

The hepatorenal pouch is lower on the ____ side because ___

The celiac trunk supplies ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ The 3 main branches of the celiac trunk are ___ ___ ___

Liver, gb, esophagus, stomach, pancreas and spleen Common hepatic, L. Gastric, splenic aa.

Common hepatic a. Branches off to ____ and ____

Proper hepatic a. | Gastroduodenal a.

Proper hepatic a. splits into the ____ and _____ ______ aa.

Right and Left hepatic arteries

Gastroduodenal aa. Branches into the ___ and ____ arteries

Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa | R gastroepiploic aa

The splenic artery branches to the ____ and the ____

Short gastric artery | L gastroepiploic artery

How common are variations of the hepatic AA

40% mostly involving L/R hepatic

Cystic aa. Usually arises from ___ ___ ___ . What variations can the cystic a. Have?

R hepatic aa. Usually runs posterior to common hepatic duct but 24% of the time can run ant. To common hepatic duct Double cystic is 1% of the population

R gastric a. can arise from what 3 places

Proper hepatic (normal) Common hepatic Gastroduodenal

The duodenum is ____ and immobile and the jejunum and ileum are _______ but very mobile

Fixed Tethered

Plicae circularis are more _____ distally

Diffuse (less in #)

``` Proximal to distal: Vasa recta ____ in length Plica circularis ____ in number Arterial arcades _____ in number and size Lymphatics and fat _____ ```

Vasa recta decreases in length Plica circularis decrease in number Arcades increase in number and size Lymphatics and fat increase

Meckels diverticulum is a remnant of the _____ _____ ____ or the ___ ____

Embryonic yolk sac Vitelline duct

The vermiform appendix is located at the ____ level

T10

The SMA supplies from the distal part of the ___ to the ____ ____ of the ____ ____

Duodenum | Proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon

SMA branches to the (from 11:00 counterclockwise) _____ _____, _____ _____, _____ _____ and _______ arteries

Ileocolic, R colic, middle colic, pancreaticoduodenal arteries

The ___ ____ ____ and the ___ ____ join to form the bile duct

Common hepatic duct | Cystic duct

The ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___ join and empty into the major duodenal papilla

Common bile duct | Main pancreatic duct

The ___ ___ ___ empties into the minor duodenal papilla

Accessory pancreatic duct

5 parts of the pancreas

Head, neck, body, tail and uncinate process

The ____ ____ connects the spleen to the stomach and contains the ___ ___ and ___ vessels

Gastrosplenic ligament Short gastric Gastroomental vessels

The IMA branches to the ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___ arteries

Left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal

Main branches off the abdominal aorta

``` Celiac Trunk -T12 SMA. -L1 L/R Renal -L1 Testicular/Ovarian-L2 IMA. -L3 Bifurcation. -L4 CSR GIB ```

The ____ and ___ ___ veins come together to form the portal vein

Splenic | Superior mesenteric

4 portal-caval anastomoses

Gastric - Esophageal Paraumbilical - Epigastric Superior rectal - Middle & inferior rectal Colic - Retroperitoneal GE PE SM CR

Portal venous system has how many valves

None

Esophageal varices come from dilated ___ veins Caput medusae come from dilated ____ veins Hemorrhoids come from dilated ___ and ___ ___ veins

Esophageal veins Epigastric veins Inferior and middle rectal

Sympathetic fibers originate from ___-___-___, parasympathetic fibers originate from ___ ___ ___ and ___-___

T5-T12-L2 CN X and S2-S4

Preganglionic splanchnic nn synapse in ___ ___

Paravertebral (collateral) ganglia

Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves: Greater splanchnic nerve comes from ___-___ Lesser splanchnic nerve comes from ___-___ Least splanchnic nerve comes from ___

T5-T9 T10-T11 T12

4 major autonomic ganglia

Celiac ganglion Superior mesenteric ganglion Aorticorenal ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Phrenic nerve originates at levels ___-___

C3-C5

Median arcuate ligament arches over ____ Medial arcuate ligaments arch over ___ ___ Lateral arcuate ligaments arch over ___ ___

Aorta Psoas major Quadratus lumborum

____ and ___ ___ arteries supply superior surface of diaphragm ___ ___ supplies inferior surface ___ supplies periphery of diaphragm

Pericardiacophrenic superior phrenic Inferior phrenic Musculophrenic

Superior pole of L kidney is at the ___ rib, superior pole of R kidney is at the ___ rib

11th | 12th

The renal ___ is anterior to the renal ___ which is anterior to the renal ___

Vein, artery, pelvis

The ___ renal artery is longer and the ___ renal vein is longer because the IVC sits ___ to the abdominal aorta

Right Left Right

The first constriction in the urinary system is at the ___ ___, the second constriction is at the ___ ___, the third constriction is at the entrance to the bladder

Ureteropelvic junction | Pelvic inlet

Ureter arteries arise from 4 sources

Renal artery Gonadal artery Abdominal aorta (or common iliac) Internal iliac artery

To visualize the urinary system, an _ _ _ is performed

IVU

___ is the most common cause of kidney stones, ___ is the second most common cause

Dehydration, pharmaceuticals

The ___ adrenal gland is more triangular and the ___ is more semilunar

Right, Left

The superior suprarenal artery comes from the ___ ___ artery. The middle suprarenal artery comes from the ___ ___. The inferior suprarenal artery comes from the ___ artery.

Inferior phrenic artery Abdominal aorta Renal artery

Nerves of the posterior wall

``` Subcostal (T12) Iliohypogastric (L1) Inioinguinal (L1) Genitofemoral (L1, L2) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2, L3) Femoral Nerve (L2-L4) Obturator Nerve (L2-L4) ``` ``` Six Inspiring Insects Got Lunch From Oprah ```

The ___ ___ separates the false pelvis from the true pelvis

Pelvic brim

``` Features of female pelvis __ pubic symphysis __ pubic arch More __ iliac wings Ischial tuberosities ___ ___ Sacrum is __ and less curved ```

``` Shorter pubic symphysis Wider pubic arch More flared iliac wings Ischial tuberosities farther apart Sacrum is shorter and less curved ```

The interosseous ligament is between the anterior and posterior ___ ligaments

Sacroiliac

The __ ligament connects the sacrum and the spinous process of the ischium

Sacrospinous

The piriformis attaches at the ___ and the ___ ___

Sacrum | Greater trochanter

The obturator internus attaches from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___

Obturator foramen | Greater trochanter

The ___ ___ nerve travels above the piriformis in the greater sciatic foramen

Superior gluteal nerve

The ___, ___ ___, ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ nerves and vessels travel beneath the piriformis through the greater sciatic foramen

Sciatic Inferior gluteal Posterior femoral cutaneous Quadratus femoris

The muscles of the pelvic floor (pelvic diaphragm) are the ___ ___ and the ___

Levator ani | Coccygeus

The levator ani is made of the ___ ___ and the ___ muscles

Iliococcygeus Pubococcygeus Puborectalis

In males, the ___ ___ crosses the ureter and in females, the ___ ___ crosses the ureter

Ductus deferens | Uterine a.

The four parts of the male urethra are the ___ part, the ___ part, the ___ part, and the ___ part of the urethra.

Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy

White rami communicants are in the T_ - L_ region

T1-L2

``` Sympathetic NS: Greater splanchnic nerves are from T_-T_ Lesser splanchnic nerves are from T_-T_ Least splanchnic nerves are from __ Lumbar splanchnic nerves are from __-__ ```

T5-T9 T9-T10 T12 L1-L2

The posterior trunk of the internal iliac a. Branches to become the ___, ___ ___, and the ___ ___ arteries

Iliolumbar Lateral sacral Superior gluteal

The anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery becomes the ___ ___, the ___ ___, and the ___ ___ arteries

Inferior gluteal Internal pudendal Middle rectal

The other two arteries off the internal iliac arteries (not off the anterior or posterior trunk) are the ___ and the ___ arteries

Umbilical | Obturator

What two arteries anastomose to form the corona mortis

The obturator and the inferior epigastric

In females, the ureter runs between the ___ and ___ arteries

Uterine and vaginal

The sacral plexus goes from __ -___

L4-S4

The ___ ___ ___ is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis

Inferior hypogastric pelvis

Lymphatic drainage moves ___ to___ and superiorly

Superficial to deep

The Right lymphatic duct drains R ___ and ___, R UL, R ___ ___

R head and neck | R upper thorax

From the lumen out, the 4 layers of the alimentary canal are ___, ___, ___ and ___

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa / adventitia

The three layers of the mucosa are the ___, ___ ___ and ___ ___

Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae

The epithelium of the mucosa is generally made of non keritinized stratified epithelium but further down the alimentary canal is made of ___ ___ ___

Simple columnar epithelium

The submucosa is made of ___ ___ ___ ___

Dense irregular connective tissue

The submucosa nerve plexus is also known as the ___ ___

Meissner's plexus

Of the two layers of the muscularis externa, the inner layer is ___ and the outer layer is ____

Circular | Longitudinal

The nerve plexus in between the two layers of muscularis externa is called the ___ ___ plexus or ___ plexus

Myenteric nerve plexus | Auerbach's plexus

What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?

Serosa is mesothelium and loose connective tissue. Adventitia is just loose connective tissue

In the esophagus, the mucous glands are found in the ___ layer

Submucosa

Gastric pits are made of ___ ___ epithelium

Simple columnar

In fundic glands, stem cells are located in the ____

Isthmus

Chief cells contain ___ ___ and parietal cells contain ___

Zymogen granules | Mitochondria

___ % of nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

The duodenum is ___ m long, the jejunum is ___ m long, and the ileum is ___ m long

0. 25 2. 5 3. 5

Absorptive cells in the small intestine are called ___

Enterocytes

Intestinal glands/crypts are called ___ of ___ in the small/large intestines

Crypts of lieberkühn

Paneth cells are found at the ___ of the crypt of L, have large ___ secretory granules, and have ___ and other enzymes to keep bacteria in check

Base Eosinophilic Lysozyme

In the submucosa of the duodenum, ___ glands are found that produce alkaline mucous

Brunner's

Peyer's patches are found in the ___ of the small intestine. They are aggreagated ___ ___. On slides they look like the spray paint thing from microsoft paint

Ileum | Lymphatic follicles

Reabsorption of ___ and ___ takes place in the large intestine. ___ synthesis is also an important part of the L.I.

Electrolytes and water | Vitamins (B,K)

Absorptive cells in the large intestine are called ___

Colonocytes

The anal canal is divided into the ___ zone, the ___ ___ zone and the ___ zone

Colorectal zone Anal transitional zone Squamous zone

The anal transitional zone is a mix of epithelial cells. The superior part contains ___ ___ cells, the middle part contains ___ ___ or cuboidal epithelium, and the bottom part contains ___ ___

Simple columnar Stratified columnar (or cuboidal) Stratified squamous

98% of the pancreas functions as an ___ gland, 2% functions as an ___ gland

Exocrine | Endocrine

The liver ___ are where oxygen, nutrients and toxic substances are taken up by the hepatocytes

Sinusoids

A hepatic lobule is a ___ sided unit where ___ surround a central ___

6 Hepatocytes Vein

The largest cells lining the sinusoids of hepatic lobules are ___ cells, aka ___ ___. They break down damaged or old _ _ _'s and are derived from monocytes

Kupffer cells Stellate macrophages RBC's

___ ___ cells, aka Ito cells, are found in the perisinusoidal space and store vitamin _

Hepatic stellate | Vitamin A

Urogenital ridges form at ___ weeks Minor and major calices develop at _-_ weeks External genitalia develop at __ months

5 weeks 6-7 weeks 3 months

The urogenital system develops from the ___ ___

Intermediate mesoderm

Formation of the urogenital system: 1. Intermediate mesoderm bulges into the intraembryonic coelomic cavity to form the ___ ___ 2. ___ ___ differentiates to form the ___ ridge and the ___ ridge

1. Urogenital ridge | 2. Urogenital ridge, Nephrogenic ridge, genital ridge

The nephrogenic cord becomes retroperitoneal through ___ folding

Lateral

Mesonephric duct is also called the ___ duct

Wolffian

Pronephros is in the __ region, mesonephros is in the ___ and ___ regions, and metanephros is in the ___ region

Cervical Thoracic and Lumbar Sacral

T/F the pronephros is functional in humans

Mesonephric kidney functions from weeks _ to _

4 to 10

Canalizations begins ___ and grows ___

Caudally | Cranially

Metanephros begins when the ___ ___ sprouts from the distal mesonephric duct at 5 weeks

Ureteric bud

The metanephric blastema forms from ___ ___ in the sacral region and forms the ___ and ___ of the nephrons

``` Intermediate mesoderm (just like everything else) Glomeruli and tubules ```

The metenephros is made of 2 components, the ___ portion and the ___ portion

Collecting | Excretory

___ ___ is needed to induce nephron differentiation

Reciprocal induction

In reciprocal induction, the metanephric ___ ___ adjacent to the ampulla becomes a ___ ___ which elongates to form the Bowman's capsule and eventually the whole thing from DCT to PCT

Blastemal cap | Nephron vesicle

The collecting portion of the metanephros includes the ___, the ___ ___ and the ___ and ___ ___

Ureter Renal pelvis Major and minor calyces

The excretory portion of the metanephros consists of the ___ ___, _ _ _, ___ of ___ and the _ _ _

Bowman's capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT

As the kidneys ascend, the ___ ___ grow toward the common iliac arteries. They send out new ___ branches and induce the regression of the more ___ branches

Vascular buds Cranial Caudal

The ___ ___ divides the cloaca to form a ventral ___ ___ and a dorsal ___ ___

Urorectal septum Urogenital sinus Anorectal canal

As the trigone of the bladder forms, the distal portions of the ___ ducts and the attached ___ ducts become incorporated in the posterior aspect of the bladder

Mesonephric | Ureteric

The pelvic part of the UGS forms the ___ and ___ parts of the urethra in men and whole urethra and part of the ___ in women

Prostatic and membranous parts | Part of vagina

Spongy urethra comes from what

The phallic part of the UGS

In the renal cortex, renal ___ and associated tubules are found

Corpuscles

In the medulla, ___ ___, ___ ___ and vasa recta are found

Straight tubules | Collecting ducts

``` The vasculature of the kidneys is: Aorta -> Renal artery -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> Afferent arteriole -> ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> ___ ___ -> renal vein -> IVC ```

Segmental artery Interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery Glomerulus, efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, interlobular vein Arcuate vein

In order, the functions of the glomerulus and tubules is: | ___, ___ then ___

Filtration Resorption Secretion

a ___ plus its ___ ___ form the uriniferous tubule

Nephron | Collecting tubule

The nephron is made up of the ___ ___ and the ___ ___

Renal corpuscle, renal tubule

There are ~__ - __ capillary loops in the glomerulus

10-20

The ___ layer of the bowman's capsule is the podocyte layer

Visceral

The extensions of the podocytes are called ___ and the space between them is called a ___ ___. The semipermeable membrane covering this is called the ___ ___

Pedicels Filtration slit Slit diaphragm

The renal tubule is composed of the _ _ _, the ___ ___ ___ and the _ _ _

PCT Loop of henle DCT

The PCT is made of ___ ___ epithelium

Simple cuboidal

The PCT has a brush border due to ___

Microvilli

The thick descending/ascending limb of the LoH is contains ___ ___ epithelium, while the thin descending/ascending limb contains ___ ___ epithelial cells.

Simple cuboidal | Simple squamous

The ___ convoluted tubules are smaller than the ___ convoluted tubules and have no brush border

Distal | Proximal

Macula densa is thickened part of the _ _ _

DCT

Juxtaglomerular cells are found where the ___ ___ makes contact with ascending ___ ___ ___

Afferent arteriole | Loop of henle

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of the ___ ___ and the ___ ___

Macula densa | Juxtaglomerular cells

Collecting ducts have clear ___ and cell borders are more ___

Cytoplasm | Distinct

The ureters are ___ - ___ inches in length

10-12

Average capacity of urinary bladder is ~___ ml

250

In males, the prostatic urethra is made of ___, the membranous urethra is made of ___ ___ epithelium and ___ ___ epithelium And the spongy urethra is made of ___ ___ epithelium and ___ ___ epithelium with the most distal part made of ___ ___ epithelium

Urothelium Stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar Stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar Stratified squamous

Primordial germ cells originate from the ___ of the yolk sac, then migrate to the ___ ___ around week 6

Endoderm | Genital ridges

After germ cells migrate to genital ridges, epithelium proliferates and penetrate underlying mesenchyme to form ___ ___ ___

Primitive sex cords

The two genital ducts are called the ___ or ___ ducts and the paramesonephric or ___ ducts

Mesonephric or Wolffian | Müllerian ducts

Medullary cords develop in ___

Males

Cortical cords develop in

Females

___ have thick tunica albuginea

Males

The _ _ _ gene in males codes for _ _ _

SRY | TDF

The primitive sex cords that proliferate and penetrate into the medulla form the ___ or ___ ___

Testis or medullary cords

Towards the hilum, the testis cords will break up giving rise to the tubules of the ___ ___

Rete testis

The fibrous tissue that separates testis cords from surface epithelium becomes the ___ ___

Tunica albuginea

Testis cords are composed of ___ ___ cells and ___ or ___ cells

Primitive germ cells | Sustentacular or sertoli cells

Cells between testis cords are called ___ or ___ cells

Interstitial or Leydig cells

Leydig cells are derived from ___ of genital ridge and secrete ___

Mesenchyme | Testosterone

Testis cords remain solid until puberty when they form ___ ___

Seminiferous tubules

T/F the gubernaculum pulls the testes down

False, it guides it

Which abdominal muscle is not present in the scrotum

Transversus abdominis

The cremasteric muscle is an externsion of the ___ muscle

Internal abdominal oblique

In the female genital system, surface epithelium proliferates to form the ___ ___

Cortical cords

Cortical cords split into isolated cell clusters that form ___ ___

Primordial follicle

With no testosterone or AMH, ___ ___ regress

Mesonephric ducts

Caudal tip of combined paramesonephric ducts projects into posterior urogenital sinus called the ___ ___

Sinus tubercle

The vaginal plate is formed from two ___ ___ that the paramesonephric duct contacts

Sinovaginal bulbs

The ovarian ligament and the ___ ___ of the ___ are derivatives of the gubernaculum

Round ligament of the uterus

Mesenchyme from primitive streak forms the ___ ___

Cloacal folds

Cloacal folds fuse cranially and caudally to form the ___ ___ and the ___ and ___ folds

Genital tubercle | Urethral and anal folds

The urethral plate originates from the ___

Endoderm

The external urethral meatus opens around the ___ month

4th

Pituitary gland develops from ___ ___ and from the ___

Rathke's pouch | Infundibulum

The anterior lobe is also called the ____

Adenohypophsis

The ___ ___ grows along the infundibulum and surrounds it

Pars tuberalis

Posterior wall of rathke's pouch forms ___ ___

Pars intermedia

The infundibulum gives rise to the stalk and the ___ ___

Pars nervosa

___ and ___ are the two types of local hormones

Paracrine and autocrine

The hypothalamus is the ___ control center and the command center for the ___ ___

Autonomic | Endocrine system

The hypothalamus produces ___ hormones; ___ releasing hormones, ___ inhibiting hormones, and two other hormones

9 5 2

The ___ gland is the master gland for the endocrine system

Pituitary

The pituitary gland is also known as the ____. It is connected to the hypothalamus via the ___

Hypophysis | Infundibulum

The anterior pituitary gland is made of the ___ ___, ___ ___, and the ___ ___

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

The two parts of the posterior pituitary are the ___ ___ and the ___

Pars nervosa | Infundibulum

Pituitary glands and cell types

``` HgH (acidophil) PRL (acidophil) TSH FSH LH ACTH MSH ``` ``` Harry Potter Tore Five Letters At Midnight ```

The two cell types in the pineal gland are the ___ and the ___ cells

Pinealocytes, interstitial (glial) cells

The pineal gland can be distinguished because of the presence of ___ ___

Corpora arenacea

The adrenal cortex has ___ secreting cells, while the medulla has ___ secreting cells

Steroid | Catecholamine

The three zones of the adrenal cortex are the zona ___, the zona ___ and the zona ___

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

The zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly ___

Aldosterone

The zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, mainly ___

Cortisol

The zona reticularis secretes ___

Androgens

Aldosterone regulates ___ and ___ and in doing so regulates ___ ___

Ions, water | Blood pressure

Cortisol regulates ___ and ___ ___ metabolism and suppresses the ___ ___

Glucose, fatty acid metabolism | Immune system

DHEA does what

Assists in early growth of pubic hair

The adrenal medulla contains modified neurons called ___ cells that cluster around blood vessels and release hormones

Chromaffin

Islets of langerhans are most numerous in the ___ of the pancreas

Tail

___ cells make and secrete insulin and are in center of islet, ___ cells make and secrete glucagon and are in periphery of islet, and the ___ cells make and secrete somatostatin and are also in periphery of islet

B, A, D

Thyroid follicles contain ___ which is maid of ___, and used to make thyroid hormones when needed

Colloid, thyroglobulin

___ cells are responsible for the production of calcitonin

Parafollicular cells

The two cell types in the parathyroid glands are the ___ cells and the ___ cells

Chief | Oxyphil

Chief cells in parathyroid gland make ___ ___

Parathyroid hormone

PTH vs. Calcitonin

Calcitonin decreases blood Ca by making bones absorb Ca | PTH increases Ca in blood by stimulating osteoclasts

Do we see secondary spermatocytes usually?

No, cells go through meiosis II really fast