Neuroanatomy 2

Question 1

Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord found?

Answer 1

in the cervical region and lumbar region

Question 2

Why are there enlargements in the spinal cord?

Answer 2

relate to the innnervation of the upper and lower limbs

Question 3

What do roots pass through to reach their intervertebral foramen?

Answer 3

subarachnoid space

Question 4

What is the posterior root enlarged by as it passes through the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 4

posterior root ganglion

Question 5

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

Answer 5

conus medullaris

Question 6

What is the thin spinal cord extension of connective tissue that is anchored to the coccyx?

Answer 6

filum terminale

Question 7

What is the name of the collection of roots that extend from the conus medullaris to reach the sacrum and coccyx called?

Answer 7

cauda equina

Question 8

What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?

Answer 8

denticulate ligaments

Question 9

What are the denticulate ligaments formed of?

Answer 9

pial and arachnoid tissue

Question 10

What is the small central canal in the spinal cord connected to superiorly?

Answer 10

the 4th ventricle

Question 11

What forms the horizontal part of the H of grey matter in the psinal cord?

Answer 11

anterior and posterior commisures which surround the central canal

Question 12

From which levels of the spinal cord are lateral horns found?

Answer 12

T1 to L2

Question 13

What is found within the lateral horns of the spinal cord?

Answer 13

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 14

What are the 3 types of arteries supplying the spinal cord?

Answer 14

longitudinal; segmental and radicular

Question 15

What are the longitudinal arteries derived from?

Answer 15

the vertebral arteries

Question 16

What are the longitudinal arteries?

Answer 16

one anterior and two posterior

Question 17

What arteries are the segmental arteries derived from?

Answer 17

vertebral, intercostal and lumbar

Question 18

Where are the radicular arteries found?

Answer 18

travel along the dorsal and ventral roots (radicular= root associated)

Question 19

Where is the venous plexus within the spinal cord found?

Answer 19

within the epidural spaces

Question 20

What is found within the epidural spaces?

Answer 20

adipose tissue and venous plexuses

Question 21

How is the pimary somatosensory cortex arranged?

Answer 21

somatotopically, body is mapped onto the cortex

Question 22

How does the proportion of white matter within the spinal cord change as your descned?

Answer 22

white matter occupies a smaller proportion of the cord

Question 23

What is the dorsal column and medial lemniscus system invovled in?

Answer 23

fine touch and proprioception

Question 24

Where do the fibres of the dorsal column cross over?

Answer 24

arcuate fasciculus

Question 25

What are the two sections of the dorsal column?

Answer 25

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

Question 26

What does the fasculus gracilis carry?

Answer 26

nerves from the lower limbs

Question 27

What does the fasciculus cuneatus carry?

Answer 27

nerves from the upper limbs

Question 28

Where do fibres from the dorsal column first synapse?

Answer 28

medulla

Question 29

Where is the second synapse of the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?

Answer 29

thalamus

Question 30

Where do the third order neurons of the dorsal column travel?

Answer 30

from the thalamus to the cortex

Question 31

What does the spinothalamic tract carry?

Answer 31

pain, temperature and deep pressure

Question 32

Where do fibres from the spinothalamic tract cross over?

Answer 32

segmentally at the level they enter the spinal cord

Question 33

Where is the pimrary motor cortex situated?

Answer 33

pre-central gyrus

Question 34

What is the funciont of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 34

fine, precise movement of distal limb muscles

Question 35

What forms the lateral CST?

Answer 35

crossed fibres

Question 36

What forms the ventral CST?

Answer 36

uncrossed fibres

Question 37

Where do the lateral CST fibres cross over?

Answer 37

caudal medulla

Question 38

Where do ventral CST fibres cross over?

Answer 38

segmentally

Question 39

What other name is the CST known by?

Answer 39

pyramidal tract

Question 40

What are motor systems outwith the CST known as?

Answer 40

the extrapyramidal system

Question 41

Where does the tectospinal tract begin?

Answer 41

tectum of the midbrain

Question 42

Where does the tectospinal tract end?

Answer 42

cervical segments

Question 43

What is the function of the tectospinal tracts?

Answer 43

reflex head and neck movement from visual stimuli

Question 44

What forms the central core of the brainstem?

Answer 44

reticular formation

Question 45

Where do fibres of the reticulospinal tract originate?

Answer 45

areas of reticular formation in pons and medulla

Question 46

What is the general function of reticulospinal fibres originating in the pons?

Answer 46

facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements

Question 47

What is the general function of reticulospinal fibres originating in the medulla?

Answer 47

facilitate flexor movements and inhibit extensor movements

Question 48

Where do fibres of the vestibulospinal tract originate?

Answer 48

vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla

Question 49

Where do the fibres of the vestibulospinal tract end?

Answer 49

cervical and lumbar segments

Question 50

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 50

excite limb extensor muscles