Flashcards in Neurodevelopment and ethological animal models Deck (37)
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1
Within the first 2 weeks after fertilization, the cells of the embryonic disc differentiate into:
Endoderm
Ectoderm
2
Endoderm becomes the
respiratory and digestive tract
3
Ectoderm becomes the
nervous system
4
3-4 weeks after conception, ectoderm forms primitive
Neural plate
5
~18 days, neural plate forms the
neural tube
6
Top of the neural tube forms 3 bulges which become:
1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
7
Prosencephalon
(forebrain)
8
Mesencephalon
(midbrain)
9
Rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)
10
Remainder of the neural tube becomes the
spinal cord
11
remain outside the neural tube as it folds,
Neuroblasts (young neurons)
12
Neuroblasts (young neurons) remain outside the neural tube as it folds,
becoming the
neural crest
13
Neural crest gives rise to the peripheral
Autonomic nervous system
14
Steps of neuronal development (6)
1. Induction
2. Proliferation
3. Migration
4. Differentiation
5. Circuit formation
6. Cell Death
15
Process that allows some parts of the ectoderm of the neural disc to become transformed into the neural plate
Induction
16
Crucial initiating step is interaction between the ectoderm and the mesoderm
Induction
17
If top (rostral) end of neural tube doesn’t close, child is born without
cortex (anencephalic)
18
If caudal end of neural tube doesn’t close,
general motor impairments, but cognition spared
19
The cell division throughout which the few cells making up the neural plate and neural tube multiply to become the billions of cells of a complete brain
Proliferation
20
When does proliferation begin?
After the neural tube closes
21
How many phases does proliferation occur in?
2
22
Movement of newly formed cells from the region in which they proliferated to their final destination in the brain
Migration
23
In migration, cells move back and forth between the ______ and _______ zones until they stop in the _______ or ______ zone
ventricular and marginal zones
stop in the intermediate or subventricular zone
24
In Migration, cells terminating in the _____ zone continue to proliferate
subventricular zone
(between intermediate and ventricular zone)
25
Cell bodies of radial glial cells remain in the ____ zone, while cell processes radiate out to the surface are used as scaffolding for neurons to traverse during migration
subventricular zone
26
Normal migration results in
deep layers of cortex formed first by oldest (earliest formed) neurons
27
Thalamic nuclei originate as well as cortical layers form as a result of...
Aggregation
28
Mutual adhesion of similar cells as a first step in the formation of fxl brain parts is part of.....
Aggregation
29
Process by which each neuron acquires its given size, shape, location, connections, and mode of transmitting messages (excitatory vs. inhibitory)
Differentiation
30
Apoptosis
programmed cell death (NOT necrosis)
31
Olfactory parts of the brain develop during (also includes hippocampus)
telencephalic refinement (second month)
32
provide a blueprint for vulnerability or resistence by altering fundamental developmental outcomes
Genes
33
participate in the process of tipping the developmental scales towards a better or poorer outcome
Environmental factors
34
How we study neurodevelopmental disorders...
Genes
Cells
Circuits
Organs
Gene x Environment Behavior
35
strong analogies to the
endophenotypes in the human disorder
Face validity
36
the same biological dysfunction that causes the disorder in humans (gene mutation/ circuit effects)
Construct validity
37
