Neuropath Intro

Question 1

what is the pink background of gray matter called?

Answer 1

neuropil

Question 2

what cell is high density in white matter of brain?

Answer 2

oligodendrocytes

Question 3

name two cells in white matter of brain

Answer 3

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

Question 4

what is a stain used to see astrocytes?

Answer 4

GFAP

Question 5

how do astrocytes and oligodendrocytes appear in a GFAP stain?

Answer 5

astrocytes brown and oligo with halo

Question 6

what is stain used to see axons in white matter?

Answer 6

silver stain

Question 7

what is stain used to see myelin around axons?

Answer 7

luxol fast blue stain

Question 8

how do leptomeninges usually appear on specimen of brain

Answer 8

clear and translucent

Question 9

what does the arachnoid layer look like on histo slide?

Answer 9

pink area with lots of cells collected

Question 10

what does the pia mater look like on histo slide?

Answer 10

small thin layer

Question 11

axonal injury leads to distal degeneration how quickly?

Answer 11

within 24 hours

Question 12

2-3 days after axonal injury what cell type is there?

Answer 12

microglia

Question 13

what do microglia do in axon injury site?

Answer 13

phagocytosis of degenerating myelin etc

Question 14

what cell proliferates around the microglia in an axon injury?

Answer 14

astrocytes

Question 15

what happens to astrocytes at axon injury over the next few weeks?

Answer 15

get hypertrophied and then lose the hypetrophy and lead to fiber filled astrocytes

Question 16

what is it called when you have fiber filled astrocytes following axonal injury?

Answer 16

glial scar…fibrillary gliosis

Question 17

what are the two main types of hydrocephalus?

Answer 17

non communicating and communicating

Question 18

what is non communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 18

obstruction is within ventricle system

Question 19

what is communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 19

obstruction is within subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi

Question 20

what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

Answer 20

ventriculomegaly resulting from loss of brain tissue

Question 21

what is most common cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

Answer 21

alzheimers

Question 22

name five things that commonly cause hydrocephalus

Answer 22

dandy walker
chiari II
aqueductal stenosis
post inflamm/hemorrhagic state
tumors

Question 23

breakdown of the BBB leads to what issue with capillaries?

Answer 23

increased capillary permeabilityt

Question 24

increased capillary permeability leads to what in brain extracellular space?

Answer 24

increase in extracellular protein and edema

Question 25

where does extracellular edema mainly focus in brain tissue?

Answer 25

white matter

Question 26

name three types of brain edema

Answer 26

vasogenic cytotoxic interstitial

Question 27

what is vasogenic brain edema?

Answer 27

extracellular edema due to increased permeability of BBB

Question 28

where does vasogenic brain edema mainly accumulate?

Answer 28

white matterr

Question 29

what is cytotoxic brain edema?

Answer 29

intracellular edema due to osmotic imbalance between cell and extracellular

Question 30

where does cytotoxic brain edema mainly accumulate?

Answer 30

gray matter

Question 31

what is interstitial brain edema?

Answer 31

extracellular brain edama in periventricular white matter

Question 32

what causes interstitial brain edema?

Answer 32

transependymal flow of CSF in hydrocephalus

Question 33

if ICP increases, what happens to the Cerebral perfusion pressure?

Answer 33

it decreases...can lead to ischemia

Question 34

how is increased ICP noted clinically?

Answer 34

headache, vomiting, nausea, papilledema

Question 35

what is papilledema?

Answer 35

swelling of the optic disc

Question 36

name five causes of increased ICP

Answer 36

``` mass lesion hydrocephalus diffuse brain edema obstruction of major dural sinus idiopathic intracranial hypertension ```