Neuropathy of dementia

Question 1

what is the function of the post central gyrus

Answer 1

Perception and integration of sensory stimuli- parietal lobe

Question 2

what is the function of the pre central gyrus

Answer 2

motor planning strategic thinking-frontal lobe

Question 3

what is the function of the limbic system,

Answer 3

Arousal, emotion, motivation, attention and memory (hippocampus)

Question 4

what is the function of the hippocampus

Answer 4

newly learned response.

Question 5

what is the function of the basal ganglia

Answer 5

fine-tuning of movement

Question 6

what is the function of the thalamus

Answer 6

sends info to cortex so you know what is happening, it sorts out the information.

Question 7

define neurodegenerative disorders

Answer 7

neurones die

Question 8

How can neurodegenrative disease be classified

Answer 8

anatomical
etiologically
proteinopathy- Tau, ubiquin and alpha synuclein.

Question 9

neurones in which lobes degenerate in alzheimer’s

Answer 9

temporal, frontal and parietal

Question 10

which genes or genetic disorders increase

Answer 10

Apo E (E4)
APP -chromosome 21 trisomy down syndrome increase the risk of early onset dementia
Prenesillin

Question 11

what proteins are involved in neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 11

B amyloid
Tau
A-synclein
Ubiquitin

Question 12

define amyloid proteins

Answer 12

Insoluble, fibrous protein aggregate- sharing specific structural traits- toxic and adhesive

Question 13

pathogenesis of b amyloid plaques

Answer 13

arise from 18 inappropriately folded versions of polypeptides present in the body.
misfolded structures alter their proper configuration so they erroneously interact with each other forming insoluble fibrils.

Question 14

what is the function of Tau

Answer 14

stabilise microtubules in neurones

microtubules (provide a path for neurotransmitter and cell bodies to be transferred along)

Question 15

how many isoforms of Tau are there

Answer 15

six

Question 16

amyloid defects are strongly linked with defects in what other proteins

Answer 16

Tau

Question 17

what causes increased levels of amyloid

Answer 17

mitochondrial dysfunction (overactive neurone)

Question 18

how does amyloid affect the function of Tau

Answer 18

it inter tangles within the Tau as it accumulates as a plaque.

Question 19

what types of dementia is A synucelin seen in

Answer 19

parkinsons and dementia

Lewy body.

Question 20

what is ubiquitin

Answer 20

Small regulatory protein, found in almost all cells of eukaryotic organisms

Question 21

what is the function of ubiquitin

Answer 21

Direct proteins to compartment in the cells, including proteasome, which destroy and recycle protein and it can attach to proteins and label them for destruction.

Question 22

what are the main pathological causes of dementia

Answer 22

oxidative free radicals
excitotoxicity- glutamine stimulation
apoptosis
cytokines-inflammation
genetic factors- single or multiple mutations
Ageing- age related decline in efficiency of metabolic processes

Question 23

which proteins accumulate intracellularly in dementia and which accumulate extracellularly

Answer 23

Intracellularly- Tau, a synuclein, polygltmine and ubiquitin.
Extracellulary- amyloid.

Question 24

what is the brain weight

Answer 24

1200-1400

Question 25

what are the main macroscopic findings in a brain with dementia

Answer 25

``` brain atrophy atrophy in white matter atrophy in the deep white matter ventricular dilation Atrophy of brainstem of cerebellum pale substania niagra ```

Question 26

what are the main microscopic findings in a brain with dementia

Answer 26

neurone loss from the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and SN and LC. Microvacuolatin in the cerebral neocortex neurones just vanish leaving spaces. readied white matter wide perivascular spaces in white matter. Abnormal proteins- amyloid plaques- Tau neurofibrillary tangles, a synuclein, Lewy body, ubiquitinn.

Question 27

which part of the brain does Alzheimer's spread from

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

what are the common macroscopic findings of Alzheimer's

Answer 28

``` Thalamus is thinned and smaller Thin corpus callosum Brain weight 900-1200 ventricular dilatation Atrophy of gryi and widening sulci ```

Question 29

what are the BRAAK stages

Answer 29

used to classify the degree of pathology in Alzheimer's.

Question 30

what is the definition of a BRAAK stage 1 or 2

Answer 30

neurofibrillary tangle involvement is confined mainly to the transentorhinal region (parahippocompus) of the brain,

Question 31

what is the definition of a BRAAK stage 3 or 4

Answer 31

involvement of limbic regions such as the hippocampus.

Question 32

what is the definition of a BRAAK stage 5 or 6

Answer 32

extensive isocortical (majority of the cerebral cortex) involvement.

Question 33

what are the microscopic findings in alzhiemer's

Answer 33

Loss of neurones but overall structure is normal. Atrophy of amygdala. B Amyloid plaques- attach to the wall of blood vessels Cytoplasmic process become tangled in the B amyloid plaques. Neuritic plaques with prominent amyloid cores Perivascular plaques- Around blood vessels. Diffuse plaques Neuropil threads and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)-entangling of microfilaments.

Question 34

what are the macroscopic changes in dementia with Lewy body

Answer 34

Pale substania niagra and locus creels lost- Pale because if neurones die then no neuromelanins, which give SN it, colour can be formed. Atrophy of amygdala, cingulate gyrus, temporal and parietal lobes

Question 35

what are the microscopic changes in dementia with Lewy body

Answer 35

Neuronal loss | Accumulation of a synuclein and +ve bodies in the neurones of the substania Niagara, amygdala and then cortex.

Question 36

what is binswanger disease and what is it associated with

Answer 36

Multi infarct dementia- blood vessels. infarct in white matter vascular dementia.

Question 37

In what form of dementia do you get pick bodies

Answer 37

fronto-temoral dementia.

Question 38

what proteins are pick bodies made from

Answer 38

ubiquitin and Tau