Neurophysiology

Question 1

afferent fibers

Answer 1

approach the CNS

Question 2

efferent fibers

Answer 2

exit the CNS

Question 3

nerve fiber

Answer 3

single neuron axon

Question 4

nerve

Answer 4

many neuronal axons bundled together

Question 5

nerve tract

Answer 5

bundle of nerve fibers between nuclei and CNS

Question 6

soma in the PNS

Answer 6

ganglia

Question 7

soma in the CNS

Answer 7

nuclei

Question 8

inward current

Answer 8

cations going in, anions exiting

Question 9

outward current

Answer 9

cations out, anions in

Question 10

2 types of graded potentials

Answer 10

receptor potenital
post-synaptic potential

Question 11

where are synapses

Answer 11

grey matter of CNS
ganglia
effector tissue

Question 12

what channels are mostly at the axon terminal and dendrites

Answer 12

voltage gated CA2+ channels

Question 13

what channels are mostly at the axon hillock and soma

Answer 13

voltage gated sodium channels

Question 14

chemical synapses elicit what

Answer 14

receptor potentials

Question 15

electrical synapses elicit what

Answer 15

coupling potential

Question 16

function of V-ATPase

Answer 16

pumps protons into vesicles to create a gradient for NT to enter

Question 17

transmitter transporter

Answer 17

fills vesicles by exchanging NT for protons

Question 18

calcium sensor of the snare complex

Answer 18

synaptotagmin

Question 19

ionotropic receptors are what type of receptor

Answer 19

ligand gated ion channels

Question 20

metabotropic receptors are what type of receptor

Answer 20

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 21

3 ways to terminate synaptic transmission

Answer 21

enzymatic degradation in the cleft
reuptake into synaptic terminal
uptake by nearby glial cells

Question 22

types of synaptopathies

Answer 22

genetic defect in any synaptic protein
autoimmune attach of synaptic protein
toxin

Question 23

commonly mutated genes in epilepsy

Answer 23

SCN1
KCNQ2,3
GABRG

Question 24

treatment for epilepsy

Answer 24

reduce excitability

Question 25

reflex circuit components

Answer 25

sensory and motor

Question 26

corneal reflex sensory and motor nerves

Answer 26

sensory: CN V trigeminal motor: CN VIII facial

Question 27

classical neurotransmitters size and vesicle size

Answer 27

small NT and small vesicle

Question 28

classical neurotransmitter synthesis location

Answer 28

synaptic terminal

Question 29

what potential do classical neurotransmitters elicit

Answer 29

membrane potential

Question 30

list of classical neurotransmitters

Answer 30

ACh amino acids catecholamines serotonin

Question 31

amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 31

GABA Glycine glutamate/aspartate

Question 32

catecholamine neurotransmitters

Answer 32

dopamine, NE, epinephrine

Question 33

non classical neurotransmitters size and vesicle size

Answer 33

large NT and large dense core vesicles

Question 34

where are non classical neurotransmitters synthesized

Answer 34

in the rough ER

Question 35

what potential do non classical neurotransmitters elicit

Answer 35

long duration response that alters NT synthesis or post synaptic receptor expression

Question 36

list of non classical NT

Answer 36

gases endocannabinoids peptides

Question 37

which receptor causes fast changes in membrane potential

Answer 37

ionotropic

Question 38

which receptor causes slower changes in membrane potential

Answer 38

metabotropic g-protein couples receptor

Question 39

what does each subunit of GPCR do

Answer 39

alpha: dictates downstream cellular events beta and gamma: free to activate other enzymes

Question 40

outcome of Gs

Answer 40

stimulates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP

Question 41

outcome of Gi

Answer 41

inhibit adenylyl cyclase so decrease cAMP

Question 42

what does PDE do

Answer 42

degrades cAMP

Question 43

outcome of Gq

Answer 43

activates PLC, increasing intracellular Ca2+

Question 44

termination of ACh signaling

Answer 44

enzymatic degradation- acetylcholinesterase

Question 45

termination of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Answer 45

diffusion

Question 46

termination of glutamate, GABA, serotonin, NE, E and dopamine

Answer 46

cellular uptake into astrocytes or pre-synaptic terminal

Question 47

glutamate synthesis

Answer 47

from glutamine or glucose in neurons

Question 48

types of glutamate receptors

Answer 48

ionotropic: AMPA/kainate, NMDA metabotropic: mGluR1-10

Question 49

fastes glutamate receptor

Answer 49

AMPA

Question 50

GABA/glycine mechanism

Answer 50

inhibition, but the effects will not be seen unless excitation is also occurring

Question 51

where is glycine mainly seen

Answer 51

the spinal cord

Question 52

inhibitory ionotropic receptor outcome

Answer 52

increase in chloride conductance

Question 53

GABA B receptor outcome

Answer 53

metabotropic presynaptic receptor used for negative feedback

Question 54

serotonin synthesized where

Answer 54

CNS and gut

Question 55

effects of serotonin

Answer 55

stabilizes mood, feelings of happiness and sleep patterns

Question 56

what type of NT is serotonin

Answer 56

monoamine

Question 57

histamine is synthesized from what

Answer 57

histadine

Question 58

histamine to histamine enzyme

Answer 58

histamine decarboxylase

Question 59

outcome of high frequency stimulation

Answer 59

allows Ca2+ to reach large dense core vesicles

Question 60

what are autoreceptors

Answer 60

receptors on presynaptic terminal membranes that modulate NT release and reputake

Question 61

g-protein dependent modulation of ion channels does what

Answer 61

allow for amplification

Question 62

short term changes in synaptic plasticity occur where

Answer 62

presynapse

Question 63

LTP lasts how long and where does it occur

Answer 63

days or weeks and occurs most apparently in hippocampus