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New World Monkey-Biology Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What is the dental formula of marmosets and tamarins

A

2/2, 1/1, 3/3, 2/2

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2
Q

T/F Marmosets & Tamarins have claws or falcula instead of nails on the digits

A

True

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3
Q

What is the frequency of twinning in marmosets and tamarins?

A

approximately 80%

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4
Q

What are the two distinct scent marking glands?

A

The circumgenital gland and the sternal gland

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5
Q

Where is the circumgenital gland and what type of gland is it?

A

well developed sebaceous glands overlying enlarged apocrine glands that cover the labia majora and pudendum in the female and the scrotum in the male.

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6
Q

Where is the sternal glands and what type of gland is it?

A

predominantly apocrine glands located on the anterior chest

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7
Q

What is the genus of marmosets?

A

Callithrix

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8
Q

What is the genus of tamarins

A

Saguinus

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9
Q

What callitrichid has had its genome completely sequenced?

A

Callithrix jacchus

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10
Q

What is the preferred habitat of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)?

A

primarily savanna/forest habitats throughout most of Brazil

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11
Q

What is the preferred habitat of the tamarin (Sanguinus oedipus)?

A

Lowland neotropical rain forest from Panama to Bolivia to northeastern Brazil and prefer primary or secondary forest

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12
Q

What is the size of the territory of C. jacchus? What is the size of the territory of S. nigricollis?

A

1 hectare/ 30-50 hectare

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13
Q

T/F Callitrichids travel in groups ranging in size from 2-15. The mean group size is four to seven

A

True

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14
Q

T/F Common marmoset groups can contain multiple breeding pairs

A

False. Only one breeding pair per group. The highest ranking male and female withing the group.

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15
Q

T/F Tamarins have a multimale-multifemale social structure and the mating system is polyandry.

A

True. Polygyny and monogamy can also occur.

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16
Q

T/F Marmosets and tamarins are omniverous

A

True. Feed on insects, fruit, nectars, buds & flowers, tree exudates (gum and sap), whatever small animals they can capture.

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17
Q

Do subordinate female marmosets and tamarins have an estrous cycle?

A

Maybe, depends on the species. In general, nonbreeding females in the genuses Callithrix and Saguinus do not ovulate in the presence of the dominate female.

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18
Q

What is the length of the ovarian cycle in the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)?

A

22.7 days

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19
Q

What is the gestation period of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)?

A

148 days

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20
Q

What is the gestation period of the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)?

A

168 days

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21
Q

What is the length of the ovarian cycle in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)?

A

28.6 days

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22
Q

What is the age of sexual maturity of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)?

A

M: 382 days F:477 days

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23
Q

What is the age of sexual maturity of the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)?

A

M: 550 days F: 548 days

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24
Q

What is a reliable metric to use to follow the estrus cycle in callitrichids?

A

changes in peripheral plasma hormone levels or hormone levels in urine or feces

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25
What is a reliable indicator to determine ovulation in callitrichids?
a marked rise in plasma progesterone within 1 day postovulation
26
Which callitrichid has a postpartum estrus and which one does not? How soon after parturition does estrus occur?
Tamarins do not have a postpartum estrus, marmosets do have a postpartum estrus which occurs as early as 3 days postpartum. Ovulation occurs 9-11 days following parturition.
27
How is pregnancy detected in callitrichids and how early can it be detected?
As early as 2 weeks by measuring plasma or urine placental chorionic gonadotropin or via measurement of the urinary progesterone metabolite hydroxypregnanolone.
28
T/F Female callitrichids are polyovulatory and dizygotic twinning is the rule but singleton births, triplets and quadruplets occur
True
29
T/F Blood chimerism occurs in callitrichids but they do not become freemartins. If true, how?
True due to placental vascular anastomoses. Have an effective aromatizing enzyme system which converts androgens to estrone.
30
Are callitrichids seasonal breeders?
No seasonality to captive colonies. Seasonal breeders in the wild.
31
What age is recommended for the first parturition?
Planned mating at 1.5-2 yrs of age is preferable. First pregnancy can occur as early as 1 yr of age.
32
At what temperature are tamarins metabolically stressed?
Metabolically stressed at ambient temp less than 32 degree (89 F). Cold stress associated with low ambient temp in captive environment has been proposed as a possible stressor leading to the development of chronic colitis.
33
What does cold stress cause in tamarins?
Chronic colitis
34
What type of cage is preferable for callitrichids?
Large cages with branches, ropes, and substrates for climbing. Single, narrow, high- preferable. Require nest boxes/flat surface for sleeping
35
How often should nest boxes be sanitized?
Every other week, preferable on an alternate schedule from sanitization of the cages to allow for retention of social odors or scent marks
36
Callitrichids required a dietary source of what two vitamins
Vitamin D3 and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
37
Dietary iron levels in standard new world primate diets have been associated with the development of what disease in marmosets?
Hepatic hemasiderosis
38
Callithrix jacchus are often affected by what GI disease?
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Affects primarily SI resulting in villous atrophy and maldigestion/malabsorption syndrome.
39
Sanguinus oedipus is affected by what GI disease?
A form of IBD that affects the large intestine characterized by chronic active inflammation and crypt abcessesation.
40
What is tamarin (Sanguinus oedipus) colitis a model for?
Tamarin colitis is a model of ulcerative colitis of man and may be modified by dietary, environmental, and genetic factors.
41
What are research uses for common marmosets
models of Parkinson disease, aging and age related disease, models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis which mimics several facets of multiple sclerosis, and serve as a model for idiopathic hemochromatosis.
42
What callitrichid is listed in CITES Appendix I?
Cotton top tamarin (S. oedipus)
43
What are some research uses of tamarins?
The cotton top tamarin is a research model for chronic colitis and colon cancer. S. labiatus and S. mystax are used in viral hepatitis studies. S. mystax is a model for cardiomyopathy.
44
T/F The owl monkey (Aotus sp.) is the only nocturnal simian primate genus
True
45
T/F Owl monkeys are arboreal, monogamous genus living as pairs or in small family groups
True
46
T/F Owl monkeys are sexually dimorphic
False. They are not sexually dimorphic
47
T/F Unlike other nocturnal mammals, Aotus. sp. lack a tapetum lucidum
True
48
T/F Owl monkeys belong to a single genus but have a wide variation in diploid chromosome number, from 46-56.
True
49
Since Aotus sp have a high degree of morphological similarities, what is a useful tool for more precise identification?
Karyotype
50
What is the weight range of owl monkeys
0.8-1.3 kg
51
T/F Aotus sp. males and offspring actively participate in infant care
True
52
T/F Owl monkeys utilize both urine and glandular secretions for scent marking and much of their communications is through olfactory cues
True
53
Where are the apocrine glands located on an owl monkey?
On their face and brow region, sternal region, the subcaudal gland in the perianal region
54
How long is the estrous cycle in the owl monkey?
15-18 days
55
Do owl monkeys menstruate?
No
56
T/F Owl monkeys are sexually receptive to males throughout the ovarian cycle
True
57
What is the gestation of A. nancymaae
117-125 days
58
T/F Captive owl monkeys have no seasonal breeding or birth seasons
True
59
T/F Owl monkeys typically have twins
False- most births are singletons
60
When is puberty in owl monkeys?
300-400 days
61
At what age do owl monkeys wean?
4-5 months
62
What age are owl monkeys sexually mature?
18-24 months
63
What is a useful indicator of puberty in the owl monkey?
Development of the subcaudal scent marking gland at the base of the tail. Growth of the gland corresponds to increasing testosterone levels in the male.
64
What is the temperature range for owl monkeys?
75-80 with the higher temp preferable
65
The presence of what item improves the reproductive efficiency in owl monkeys
nest boxes
66
Owl monkeys are principally omnivorous/carnivorous/frugivorous?
Frugivorous
67
What two vitamins must be provided through dietary supplementation
Vitamin D3 and C
68
What are some research uses for owl monkeys
Study of malaria, herpesviruses, hepatitis A. Model for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.
69
What two countries continue to allow for exportation of squirrel monkeys?
Guyana and Peru
70
Which species of squirrel monkeys have "gothic arch"
S. sciureus, S. oerstedii, S. ustus
71
Which species of squirrel monkeys have a "roman arch"
S. boliviensis, S. vanzolinii
72
What is required for the precise identification of squirrel monkeys?
phenotypic and karyotypic examination
73
What is the genus and species of the Guyanese squirrel monkey?
Saimiri sciureus sciureus
74
How many diploid chromosomes does the squirrel monkey have?
44. They vary in the number of acrocentric chromosomes from five to seven.
75
Why is it critical for specific identification of the type of squirrel monkey?
They vary in their susceptibility to both naturally occurring and experimentally induced diseases. Also, karyotypic variations in different squirrel monkey species leads to inversion heterozygosity and nonviable gametes reducing the reproductive efficiency in breeding colonies.
76
What age do squirrel monkeys reach sexual maturity?
Females- 2.5-3.5 yrs Males 3.5-5 yrs
77
T/F Squirrel monkeys are seasonal breeders
True. Both males and females undergo hormonally induced physiological changes.
78
When is the breeding season in squirrel monkeys and how long does it last?
Last approximately 3 months (December to March)
79
What is the gestation length of the squirrel monkey?
Approximately 150 days
80
What are some hormonal changes experienced by male squirrel monkeys?
Seasonal enlargement of testes concomitant with spermatogenesis and undergo "fatting" prior to breeding season where they add approximately 15% to their body weight.
81
T/F Copulations during the breeding season are associated specifically with ovulation
True. All copulations occur within 24 hours of predicted ovulation
82
What factor contributes to a high incident of dystocia and still births in squirrel monkeys?
Large fetal to dam size. A term infant squirrel monkey weighs approximately 18% of the nonpregnant weight of the dam
83
T/F Infant squirrel monkeys actively participate in the delivery
True. Once the shoulders are free, the infant reaches up and grabs the ventrum of the dam and assists in pulling itself out.
84
How much does a newborn squirrel monkey typically weigh?
100 grams. Less than 80 grams does not usually survive.
85
T/F Male squirrel monkeys actively participant in infant
False. Allomaternal care is provided by juvenile and adult females within the breeding group.
86
At what age do squirrel monkeys wean?
90-120 days
87
At what temperature must squirrel monkeys be maintained?
80F. They have little body fat, a high metabolic rate, and relatively large surface area and are prone to hypothermia. Thermoneutral perches such as PVC pipe is preferable.
88
What is the recommended size of the perches and why?
> 3/4". Large diameter perches prevent the formation of tail base ulcers. They lack ischial callosities. Less than 3/4" can cause pressure sores.
89
Squirrel monkeys are omnivorous/carnivorous/frugivorous?
Omnivorous. Their diet consists of fruit and insects
90
Squirrel monkeys have a dietary requirement of what two vitamins? What diseases are caused by a deficiency in the vitamins?
Vitamin D3 and ascorbic acid (vitamin c). Need 1 IU/g Vitamin D3 to prevent rickets. Need 10 mg/kg/day vitamin C to prevent scurvy.
91
Female squirrel monkeys have a high dietary requirement for what? What condition is related to a deficiency of it?
Folic acid. Megaloblastic anemia with low birth weight infants and still births are associated with folic acid deficiency in pregnant squirrel monkeys. Need 200 pg/day.
92
What are some research uses of squirrel monkeys?
* *They are the most susceptible NHP to Creutzfeldt-Jakob dz and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The squirrel monkey PrP gene sequence is 93.8% homologous to the human PrP sequence. * *The squirrel monkey is a model for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). * *Important model for malaria vaccine development. Susceptible to same strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax that humans are susceptible to. * *Naturally glucocorticoid resistance. Circulating levels of free or unbound cortisol are approximately 100 times greater than that found in humans or OW primates.

NHP (TL deck) (5 decks)

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