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Old World Monkey- Biology Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is the weight range of adult rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta)

A

Females: 4.4-10.9 kg Males: 5.5-12 kg

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of the rhesus monkey?

A

Approximately 29 years

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3
Q

What is the weight range of an adult cynomolgus monkeys (M. fascicularis)

A

Females: 2.5- 5.7 kg Males: 4.7-8.3 kg

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4
Q

What is the lifespan of the cynomolgus monkey?

A

longest life span recorded 37.1 years

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5
Q

T/F Macaques have cheek pouches

A

True. They originate in the midbuccal area and extend toward the neck.

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6
Q

What is the dental formula of the Macaca sp.

A

I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 Total of 32 teeth

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7
Q

What is the diploid number for the Macaca sp.

A

42

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8
Q

T/F Rhesus monkeys are seasonal breeders

A

True. The breeding season in captivity is approximately 5 months (mid-September to mid-February)

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9
Q

What is the gestation of the Rhesus macaque?

A

164 days

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10
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle of the Rhesus macaque and what is the mean estrous period?

A

The menstrual cycle is 28 days with a mean estrous period of 9.2 days.

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11
Q

When do Rhesus macaques reach sexual maturity?

A

Females: 4.5 years Males: 6.5 years

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12
Q

T/F Cynomolgus monkeys are seasonal breeders?

A

False. Cynos are capable of mating and birthing year round.

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13
Q

What is the gestation of the Cynomolgus macaque?

A

163.5 days

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14
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle of the Cynomolgus macaque and what is the mean estrous period?

A

The menstrual cycle is 28 days with a mean estrous period of 11 days.

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15
Q

When do Cynomolgus macaques reach sexual maturity?

A

Females: 3.5 years Males: 5.5 years

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16
Q

What is the only Macaca sp. that is on CITES Appendix I?

A

Macaca silenus. Lion-tailed macaque

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17
Q

T/F Chinese-origin rhesus monkeys are more temperamental and irritable in comparison to Indian-origin rhesus macaques.

A

True

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18
Q

According to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, social animals such as macaques species should be housed in pairs or groups of compatible animals unless then MUST be housed alone for what 3 reasons?

A

1) experimental reasons
2) social incompatibility
3) veterinary-related concerns

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19
Q

What is the recommended temperature range and humidity range for NHP?

A

64-84 F 30-70%

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20
Q

What is the recommended light cycle in a NHP room?

A

12 h light 12 h dark

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21
Q

T/F In the wild, rhesus monkeys are mainly vegetarian

A

True. their diet consists of fruit, seeds, flowers, leaves, shoots, roots, bark, fungi, and small invertebrates.

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22
Q

T/F In the wild, cyno monkeys are mainly vegetarian

A

False, they are omniverous (remember “crab eating macaque”). They eat insects, frogs, and crabs and also can be highly frugivorous. Fruit can comprise 90% of the diet.

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23
Q

What is the typical daily ration of commercial biscuits?

A

Approximately 2-4% of their body weight. Usually fed twice daily to help prevent food waste.

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24
Q

T/F there are genetic differences between Indian origin and Chinese origin rhesus monkeys.

A

True. differences in morphology, allele frequencies, and population-specific differences in the allele distributions with both class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci

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25
What major discovery did the rhesus monkey contribute to regarding blood cells and what year did that occur?
1937, the rhesus monkey contributed to the identification of the red blood cell Rh factor
26
What are some research uses of the Rhesus macaque?
Served as a model to develop the polio vaccine. Preferred model for studying mechanisms of immunodeficiency diseases. Research areas including aging, atherosclerosis, alcoholism, diabetes, cancer, and myocarditis
27
What factors makes the rhesus an excellent model for HIV vaccine research and development?
Genetic homology to humans is 93.45%, homology to the human MHC class I, II, and TCR genes, and susceptibility to the SIV
28
Where do cyno's orginate from?
Mauritius, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia
29
What are some research uses for cynos?
cyno's are the standard model in pharm research and reproductive biology research. Other fields of research include oncology, diabetes, cardiovascular, infectious dz., retroviral studies, and neurobiology.
30
What is the pig tail macaque (M. nemestrina) used for?
model in HIV/SHIV research, gene therapy, and immunology studies
31
What is the stumptail macaque (M. arctoides) used for?
contributed to research on balding and behavior studies
32
What is the bonnet macaque (M. radiata) used for?
model for Kyasanur Forest disease and in reproductive biology
33
What is the genus/species of the Olive baboon, Yello baboon, Chacma baboon, and Hamadryas baboon?
Papio anubis Papio cynocephalus Papio ursinus Papio hamadryas
34
What four species are considered the savanna baboons?
P. anubis, P. cynocephalus, P. papio, P. ursinus
35
What species is considered a desert baboon?
P. hamadryas
36
T/F Males remain in natal groups for life
False. Males disperse from natal groups around puberty and subsequently transfer groups several times during their lifespan.
37
How are hamadryas baboon groups different from other baboon groups?
Hamadryas baboon forms one-male social unit consisting of one male, several females and their offspring. several one-male social units may associate with each other and form a clan. several clans, one-male units, can travel and forage together and form a stable social unit called a band.
38
T/F baboons are seasonally estrous
False, female baboons are capable of breeding continuously throughout the year.
39
When do baboons become sexually mature?
Females- 4-5 yrs Males- 4-7 yrs
40
How long is gestation in a baboon?
6 months
41
How is the menstrual cycle monitored?
Menstrual cycle associated with swelling and color changes of the sex skin. The initial turgescence takes an average of 4 days. Turgescence lasts 13-21 days depending on the species. Maximum turgescence associated with the hormonal changes that occur with ovulation.
42
What is the prime breeding ages of the baboon?
5-10 years
43
What is the average cycle length during the prime breeding ages?
34 days
44
When does ovulation occur in the baboon?
day 1-2 before deturgescence
45
What is the optimal day for mating in the baboon
The third day prior to deturgescence
46
How early can pregnancy in a baboon be detected and how?
gestation day 15-18 by detection of chorionic gondadotropin in plasma or urine
47
When can pregnancy in a baboon be detected on ultrasound and by bimanual palpation?
ultrasound by gestation day 18-21 and by bimanual palpation by gestation day 20-21
48
What is the gestation of a baboon
180 days
49
What type of placenta does the baboon have? Why is this important?
single discoid placenta. Similar to humans
50
What age are baboons weaned?
6 months
51
T/F Baboons require exogenous sources of vitamin D and C
True
52
T/F Baboons are omnivorous
True- Savanna and hamadryas baboons are omnivorous with diets representative or their environment
53
How genetically similar is the baboon to the human?
genetic similarity of approximately 96%
54
The baboon is known as the laboratory model for what lung disease
Whooping cough- Bordetella pertussis
55
What are other research uses of the baboon?
model for atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteopenia. used in research on genetics, diabetes, stem cells, and organ transplantation.
56
What quality makes the baboon an ideal candidate for vaccine development?
immune system similar to humans- same immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses (1, 2, 3, 4)
57
What is the genus of the African Green monkey?
Chlorocebus spp.
58
What is distinct about the male African Green monkey
They have a distinct blue scrotum and red penis
59
What is the lifespan of the African Green monkey (Chlorocebus spp.)?
11-13 yrs in the wild. 25 yrs in captivity.
60
What is the diploid chromosome number of the Chlorocebus spp.?
60
61
What is the common name of Chlorocebus aethiops?
Grivet monkey
62
What is the common name of Chlorocebus pygerythrus?
Vervet monkey
63
T/F Chlorocebus sp. have cheek pouches
True
64
What is the dental formula of Chlorocebus spp.?
I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 Total teeth= 32
65
What is female philopatry that is exhibited by Chlorocebus sp.?
females remain in the groups in which they are born. males migrate out at sexual maturity.
66
What is the social structure of the Chlorocebus?
Multi male/multi female groups- average size 25 individuals
67
What is one threat gesture demonstrated by the Chlorocebus spp.?
the eyelid display where a brow contraction reveals the paler skin of the eyelids.
68
When is the Chlorocebus sexually mature?
females- 3 years males- 5-6 years
69
T/F Chlorocebus are seasonal breeders
True in the wild. False in captivity. Breed throughout their cycles in captivity.
70
How long is the menstrual cycle in the Chlorocebus? Do they menstruate?
30-32 days. Yes but it can be hard to observe.
71
When does peak sexual activity occur/peak copulatory activity occur in the Chlorocebus?
day 13 of the cycle
72
How long is the gestation in the Chlorocebus?
163-165 days
73
T/F Higher infant survival in the Chlorocebus sp. is obtained when pregnant females are removed from the group and not returned until 2 weeks after giving birth
True
74
T/F Chlorocebus sp. are frugivorous
False. They are omnivorous although the preferred food when available is fruit and flowers.
75
What are some research uses of Chlorocebus?
Research on African trypanosomiasis, vaccinology, HIV/AIDS, hypertension, neurological dz, psychology and social behavior, atheroschlerosis and metabolic syndrome, and leishmania.
76
What are Vero cells?
a cell line derived from the kidney epithelial cells of African Green monkeys used in biomedical research
77
Chimpanzees belong to what family?
Hominidae
78
What is the dental formula of the chimpanzee
2-1-2-3 Total 32 teeth
79
Chimpanzees have been critical in the development in the vaccine of what virus
Vaccines for hepatitis A & B and resulted in important advances in hepatitis C. The chimpanzee remains the only animal model that closely recapitulates hepatitis C virus infection and pathogenesis.
80
What year did NIH institute a moratorium on breeding of NIH-owned or NIH-supported chimpanzees?
1995
81
What year did the NIH commission a study to determine the need for chimps in biomedical research and who did they commission to do the study?
December 2010 | Institute of Medicine
82
When did the NIH accept the working group recommendations and what were they?
June 26, 2013 Retire all but 50 NIH owned chimps from research.
83
What is the major complication of the NIH final decision of the working group recommendation?
along with the breeding moratorium, the population of chimps is aging and by 2037 the population of research chimps will no longer exist.
84
What are wild chimpanzees classified as? What are captive bred chimpanzees classified as?
Endangered since 1990. Threatened although the US Fish and Wildlife Service is trying to change that to endangered.
85
What are the two species of chimpanzees
Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus
86
What is the "traditional" chimpanzee? What is the other species known as?
P. troglodytes is the traditional chimpanzee. Pan paniscus is the bonobo and is usually used in fields of behavior and cognition.
87
What is the diploid number for the chimpanzee? How is it different from humans?
48. Humans is 46
88
T/F Chimpanzee blood types are similar to the ABO typing system of the human
True
89
What is the life span of the chimpanzee?
15-19 yrs in the wild. 40-50 yrs in captivity
90
What does the adult chimpanzee weigh?
Females- 32-47 kg Males- 40-60 kg
91
What kind of social groups do chimpanzees live in?
male-dominated fission-fusion social groups that favor male philopatry.
92
What is male philopatry?
Males remain in the group they are born in. Females emigrate from their natal community 1-2 years following puberty.
93
When does puberty start in female chimpanzees and how is it detected?
cyclic swelling (perineal tumescence) of the anogenital tissue. may begin 1-1.5 yrs before menarche and is usually seen between 8-11 yrs of age.
94
How long is the menstrual cycle in the chimpanzee?
37 days
95
When is ovulation in the chimpanzee?
ovulation occurs 1-6 days before detumescence of the anogenital tissue
96
When is the chimpanzee sexually receptive?
estrus/sexual receptivity coincides with a 5-6 day period of maximum swelling of the anogenital tissue
97
How long is the gestation in the chimpanzee?
227-235 days (7.5-8 months)
98
What ages are chimpanzees the most fertile?
15-30 years
99
What age do chimpanzees reach menopause?
50 yrs of age
100
When is puberty in male chimpanzees?
approximately 7 yrs
101
What are the housing requirements for NIH supported chimps?
housed in social groups no fewer than 7 individuals at least 20 feet of vertical space housed at a maximum density of 250ft2 per animal
102
T/F In the wild, chimpanzees are primarily vegetarians
True but they do hunt mammalian prey
103
What mammalian species has chimpanzees hunted to such a degree that there is a significant decline in the population?
red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius)
104
Who was the first hominidae in space and what was the launch date?
Ham | January 31, 1961
105
What infectious disease research was the chimp a valuable animal model for?
Hepatitis A, B, C; respiratory syncytial virus; ebola virus; malaria; HIV

NHP (TL deck) (5 decks)

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