Non-Experimental Methods: Questionnaires

Question 1

● What is a questionnaire?

Answer 1

A written set of questions to collect data

Question 2

● What are open questions?

Answer 2

Questions that allow detailed responses

Question 3

● What are closed questions?

Answer 3

Questions with fixed responses like yes/no

Question 4

● What type of data do open questions produce?

Answer 4

Qualitative data

Question 5

● What type of data do closed questions produce?

Answer 5

Quantitative data

Question 6

● What is a strength of open questions?

Answer 6

Provides rich, detailed data

Question 7

● What is a limitation of open questions?

Answer 7

Harder to analyse

Question 8

● What is a strength of closed questions?

Answer 8

Easy to analyse and compare

Question 9

● What is a limitation of closed questions?

Answer 9

Lacks depth and insight

Question 10

● What is social desirability bias?

Answer 10

When people give answers to look good

Question 11

● What is response bias?

Answer 11

Tendency to answer questions in a particular way

Question 12

● What does a Likert scale measure?

Answer 12

Level of agreement with a statement

Question 13

● What type of question is ‘How often do you…’?

Answer 13

Closed question

Question 14

● What type of question is ‘Describe your experience’?

Answer 14

Open question

Question 15

● What is a fixed choice option?

Answer 15

A closed question with set response options

Question 16

● What is quantitative data?

Answer 16

Numerical data

Question 17

● What is qualitative data?

Answer 17

Descriptive data

Question 18

● What can make a questionnaire more valid?

Answer 18

Avoiding leading questions

Question 19

● Why should questions be clear?

Answer 19

To increase completion and accuracy

Question 20

● What is the purpose of a pilot study?

Answer 20

To check for issues with the questionnaire

Question 21

▲ Why would a researcher use open questions?

Answer 21

To gain detailed and meaningful responses

Question 22

▲ When is it better to use closed questions?

Answer 22

When data needs to be quickly analysed and compared

Question 23

▲ How can a questionnaire be designed to reduce social desirability bias?

Answer 23

Make it anonymous

Question 24

▲ Why are closed questions easier to analyse?

Answer 24

They produce numerical data

Question 25

▲ What type of data is produced by a rating scale?

Answer 25

Quantitative data

Question 26

▲ Why is a pilot study important before using a questionnaire?

Answer 26

To fix unclear or leading questions

Question 27

▲ How can a questionnaire reduce investigator effects?

Answer 27

Researcher is not present during completion

Question 28

▲ Why might participants misinterpret questionnaire items?

Answer 28

Questions are unclear or ambiguous

Question 29

▲ What is the benefit of using both open and closed questions?

Answer 29

You get both detailed and measurable data

Question 30

▲ How can a questionnaire improve internal validity?

Answer 30

Avoiding ambiguous or biased items

Question 31

▲ How can distractor questions help?

Answer 31

They reduce demand characteristics

Question 32

▲ Why might Likert scales lack validity?

Answer 32

Participants may answer similarly throughout

Question 33

▲ Why is it important to start a questionnaire with easy questions?

Answer 33

To make participants feel at ease

Question 34

▲ What might happen if a questionnaire includes leading questions?

Answer 34

Participants may be influenced in how they respond

Question 35

▲ How does anonymity improve honesty in questionnaires?

Answer 35

Participants are less likely to lie

Question 36

✪ Why is qualitative data from open questions harder to analyse?

Answer 36

It is descriptive and harder to compare across participants

Question 37

✪ Why might closed questions reduce internal validity?

Answer 37

They may not reflect true feelings due to limited options

Question 38

✪ How does response bias affect the accuracy of questionnaire data?

Answer 38

Participants may respond in patterns rather than truthfully

Question 39

✪ Why might social desirability lower the internal validity of self-reports?

Answer 39

Answers may not reflect true behaviour or beliefs

Question 40

✪ Why can misinterpretation of questions reduce internal validity?

Answer 40

Participants may give inaccurate responses

Question 41

✪ How does anonymity increase the internal validity of questionnaire data?

Answer 41

Participants are more likely to answer truthfully

Question 42

✪ Why are interviews less reliable than questionnaires?

Answer 42

Different responses may be influenced by interviewer presence

Question 43

✪ How can question wording influence participant responses?

Answer 43

Leading or complex wording may bias answers

Question 44

✪ Why might fixed choice options lack depth in findings?

Answer 44

They don’t allow elaboration on responses

Question 45

✪ How does standardisation of questionnaires improve validity?

Answer 45

All participants are asked the same questions in the same way