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Fundamentals of Nursing (NUSB 201) Final Exam Review > NUSB 201 Module 3 > Flashcards

NUSB 201 Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does competence refer to in critical thinking?

A

Competence refers to the skills and abilities necessary for critical thinking, including analysis, evaluation, problem-solving, and logical reasoning.

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2
Q

What is the role of a knowledge base in critical thinking?

A

Critical thinking relies on a strong knowledge base in relevant subject areas, which includes theories, concepts, principles, facts, and evidence.

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3
Q

How does experience contribute to critical thinking?

A

Experience helps individuals recognize patterns, anticipate challenges, and draw upon past successes and failures to inform their thinking.

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4
Q

What influence does the environment have on critical thinking?

A

The environment can significantly influence critical thinking by fostering open-mindedness, encouraging questioning, and promoting diverse perspectives.

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5
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Critical thinking refers to the cognitive process of analyzing and evaluating information to make informed decisions.

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6
Q

What does critical thinking involve?

A

It involves the ability to question assumptions, consider alternative perspectives, and apply logical reasoning to arrive at sound conclusions.

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7
Q

What is clinical judgment?

A

Clinical judgment is the outcome of critical thinking applied specifically to the nursing context.

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8
Q

What does clinical judgment refer to?

A

It refers to the nurse’s ability to interpret patient data, identify patterns and trends, make accurate assessments, and develop appropriate nursing interventions.

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9
Q

What does clinical judgment involve?

A

Clinical judgment involves synthesizing information from various sources, including patient assessments, medical history, laboratory results, and other relevant data, to make informed decisions about patient care.

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10
Q

What is the relationship between critical thinking and clinical judgment?

A

The relationship is integral and interdependent; critical thinking is the foundation upon which clinical judgment is built.

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11
Q

Define the steps for effective problem-solving in patient care.

A

Effective problem solving requires obtaining information that clarifies the nature of a problem, suggests possible solutions, and tries the solution over time to evaluate that it is effective.

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12
Q

What is diagnostic reasoning in patient care?

A

Diagnostic reasoning is a form of decision-making that involves understanding and thinking through clinical problems, gathering information, analyzing clues, understanding evidence, and knowing when there is enough information to make an accurate diagnosis.

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13
Q

What is intuition in problem-solving?

A

Intuition is a problem-solving approach that relies on one’s inner sense; it is the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.

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14
Q

How do less experienced nurses approach problem-solving?

A

Less experienced nurses, including students, may rely more heavily on analytic reasoning.

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15
Q

How do experienced nurses approach problem-solving?

A

Experienced nurses are more likely to use intuitive reasoning based on their clinical experiences with numerous patients.

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16
Q

Define the skill of inference in nursing clinical judgement.

A

Forming conclusions based on gathered data and evidence is the essence of inference in nursing practice.

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17
Q

What role does experience play in critical thinking in nursing?

A

The Experience component of critical thinking involves drawing on past clinical experiences to inform current decision-making.

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18
Q

Differentiate between patient outcomes and patient goals.

A

Patient outcomes are objective, measurable results that reflect the effects of healthcare interventions, while patient goals are subjective, patient-centered aspirations regarding health and well-being.

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19
Q

What are examples of patient outcomes?

A

Examples of patient outcomes include: Reduced blood pressure after hypertension treatment, decreased pain levels following surgery, improved lung function in a respiratory condition, and reduced hospital readmission rates.

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20
Q

What are examples of patient goals?

A

Examples of patient goals include: Being able to walk without assistance after surgery, managing chronic pain to return to work, reducing anxiety or depression symptoms, and achieving a specific weight loss target.

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21
Q

What is clinical decision-making in nursing?

A

Clinical decision-making refers to the cognitive process that nurses engage in to make informed choices about patient care. It involves assessing patient data, analyzing information, considering available evidence, and selecting appropriate nursing interventions.

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22
Q

What is clinical judgment in nursing?

A

Clinical judgment is the outcome or result of clinical decision-making. It is the nurse’s ability to interpret and understand patient data, assess patient needs accurately, identify relevant problems, and make appropriate decisions regarding nursing interventions.

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23
Q

How does clinical decision-making relate to critical thinking?

A

Clinical decision-making is an active and iterative process that involves critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

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24
Q

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)?

A

According to HIPAA, nurses need to maintain confidentiality about the health information of the patient. A nurse should politely tell the caregiver that accessing the patient’s medical records is not in accordance with the law.

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25
What are the steps involved in the nursing process?
The nursing process includes five steps: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.
26
What is involved in the Assessment step of the nursing process?
This step involves gathering comprehensive data about the patient's health status, including physical, psychological, sociocultural, and spiritual factors.
27
What occurs during the Diagnosis step of the nursing process?
Based on the assessment data collected, nurses identify the patient's health problems, needs, and potential risks, formulating nursing diagnoses.
28
What is the purpose of the Planning step in the nursing process?
In this step, nurses collaborate with the patient and healthcare professionals to develop a plan of care that addresses identified health problems and goals.
29
What happens during the Implementation step of the nursing process?
Nurses carry out the planned interventions to address the patient's health needs, which may involve providing direct care, administering medications, and educating patients.
30
What is the Evaluation step in the nursing process?
The final step involves assessing the effectiveness of the interventions and evaluating the achievement of desired outcomes, revising the plan of care as needed.
31
Differentiate between subjective and objective data in assessment.
Subjective data includes verbal descriptions of the patient's health, such as feelings, perceptions, and self-reports of symptoms. Objective data consists of measurable health status indicators, like blood pressure, pulse, and fasting blood sugar levels.
32
Explain the difference between open ended and closed ended questions when interviewing a patient.
Closed ended questions allow for simple 'yes' or 'no' answers, limiting patient expression. Open ended questions enable detailed responses, providing better data for the nurse.
33
Identify the four steps of the nursing diagnosis process.
The four steps are Data collection, Data clustering, Data interpretation, and Making a diagnostic statement.
34
Create nursing diagnoses using the format: _ as evidenced by _ for Asthma, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Hip fracture, and Anxiety.
1. Impaired respiratory system related to asthma as evidenced by wheezing breath sounds. 2. Impaired circulatory system related to AMI as evidenced by irregular pulse. 3. Impaired comfort status related to Left Hip Fracture as evidenced by pain OR Impaired mobility status related to Left Hip Fracture as evidenced by non-weight bearing activity orders.
35
What is the process of interprofessional collaboration in the nursing process?
Interprofessional collaboration involves assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, and communication among healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive and patient-centered care.
36
Identify Activities of Daily Living (ADL's) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL's).
IADLs include shopping, house cleaning, paying bills, and preparing meals. ADLs are basic self-care tasks, while IADLs are more complex activities performed individually during daily routines.
37
What are the principles of Care Coordination?
Care coordination principles include organizational skills, good time management, and appropriate use of resources.
38
What is the relationship between the infection chain and transmission of infection?
The infection chain consists of a series of events or links that must occur for an infection to be transmitted from a source to a susceptible host. Understanding the infection chain helps identify points of intervention to break the chain and prevent infection transmission.
39
What are the links in the infection chain?
The infection chain typically includes the following links: Infectious Agent, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, and Susceptible Host.
40
What is an Infectious Agent?
An Infectious Agent refers to the microorganism or pathogen that causes the infection, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
41
What is a Reservoir in the context of infection?
The reservoir is the environment or source where the infectious agent resides and multiplies, which can be humans, animals, insects, water, soil, or contaminated objects.
42
What is a Portal of Exit?
The portal of exit is the route through which the infectious agent leaves the reservoir, including respiratory secretions, blood, bodily fluids, or open wounds.
43
What is Mode of Transmission?
Mode of transmission refers to the specific method by which the infectious agent is transmitted from the reservoir to the susceptible host, such as direct contact, indirect contact, droplets, airborne particles, or vectors.
44
What is a Portal of Entry?
The portal of entry is the route through which the infectious agent enters the susceptible host, which can be the respiratory tract, digestive system, mucous membranes, broken skin, or medical devices.
45
Who is considered a Susceptible Host?
A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of acquiring the infection due to factors like a compromised immune system, chronic diseases, age, malnutrition, and overall health.
46
How can infection transmission be prevented?
To prevent infection transmission, it is crucial to disrupt any link in the infection chain through infection control measures such as hand hygiene, proper sterilization and disinfection, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), vaccination, and appropriate waste disposal.
47
What are the normal defenses of the body against infections?
Normal defenses of the body include physical barriers, respiratory defenses, immunological defenses, inflammatory response, and fever.
48
What are Physical Barriers in the body's defense?
Physical barriers include the skin and mucous membranes that prevent microorganisms from entering the body.
49
What are Respiratory Defenses?
Respiratory defenses are mechanisms like nasal hairs, mucous membranes, and the action of coughing and sneezing that trap and remove microorganisms from the airways.
50
What are Immunological Defenses?
Immunological defenses include components such as white blood cells, antibodies, and the complement system that work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens.
51
What is the Inflammatory Response?
The inflammatory response is a protective response triggered by tissue damage or the presence of pathogens, helping to localize and eliminate the source of infection.
52
What is Fever in the context of infection?
Fever is an elevation in body temperature that occurs in response to systemic infection, inhibiting the growth of some microorganisms and enhancing immune system function.
53
What is the first step in the nursing process for a patient with active COVID-19?
Assessment: Gather relevant information about the patient's signs and symptoms, medical history, exposure history, and current condition.
54
What should be included in the physical assessment of a COVID-19 patient?
Perform a thorough physical assessment, paying attention to respiratory status, vital signs, and any other indicators of infection.
55
What risk factors should be assessed for severe COVID-19 disease?
Assess the patient's risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease, such as age, comorbidities, and immunocompromised status.
56
What are some nursing diagnoses related to a patient's COVID-19 infection?
Examples may include: Risk for infection related to exposure to COVID-19, Impaired gas exchange related to respiratory involvement, Anxiety related to fear of infection and hospitalization.
57
What is the planning step in the nursing process for a COVID-19 patient?
Establish goals and outcomes in collaboration with the patient and the healthcare team.
58
What are some examples of goals for a COVID-19 patient?
Examples of goals may include: Reduce the risk of infection transmission to others, Improve oxygenation and respiratory function, Promote coping and reduce anxiety related to the infection.
59
What is the implementation step in the nursing process for a COVID-19 patient?
Implement appropriate nursing interventions to address the identified nursing diagnoses and achieve the established goals.
60
What interventions may be implemented for a COVID-19 patient?
Interventions may include: Isolating the patient according to infection control guidelines, Providing supportive care to manage symptoms, Administering prescribed medications, Educating the patient and family about infection prevention measures, Providing emotional support.
61
What is the evaluation step in the nursing process for a COVID-19 patient?
Assess the effectiveness of the implemented interventions in achieving the desired outcomes.
62
What should be continuously monitored in a COVID-19 patient?
Continuously monitor the patient's respiratory status, vital signs, and symptoms to evaluate their response to treatment.
63
What should be done if a patient's needs change during treatment?
Modify the care plan as necessary based on the patient's progress or changing needs.
64
What is the first link in the chain of infection?
Infectious Agent: This represents the microorganism or pathogen responsible for causing the infection. Examples include MRSA, Influenza virus, and Clostridium difficile.
65
What is the reservoir in the chain of infection?
The reservoir is the source or habitat where the infectious agent resides and multiplies. Examples include human patients, healthcare workers, and contaminated equipment.
66
What is the portal of exit in the chain of infection?
The portal of exit is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir, such as through bodily fluids or skin shedding. Common examples include coughing or sneezing.
67
What describes the mode of transmission in the chain of infection?
Mode of Transmission: This describes how the infectious agent is transmitted from the reservoir to a susceptible host, primarily through contact or respiratory transmission.
68
What is the portal of entry in the chain of infection?
The portal of entry is the route through which the infectious agent enters a new host, such as the respiratory tract or skin.
69
Who is considered a susceptible host in the chain of infection?
Susceptible Host: This represents a person who is vulnerable to infection, influenced by factors like age, health status, and immunization.
70
What are standard precautions in infection control?
Standard Precautions: Used for CMV, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, Aspergillosis.
71
What are contact precautions in infection control?
Contact Precautions: Used for MRSA, VRE, Adenovirus, C. difficile, and more. Masks are required for respiratory infections.
72
What are droplet precautions in infection control?
Droplet Precautions: Used for Pertussis, Influenza A or B, MRSA (respiratory infection), and others.
73
What are airborne precautions in infection control?
Airborne Precautions (N-95 Mask): Used for chicken pox, disseminated herpes zoster, measles, tuberculosis, and others.
74
What are standard precautions?
Standard precautions are a set of infection prevention practices and guidelines used in healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from one person to another. These precautions apply to the care of all patients, regardless of their suspected or confirmed presence of an infection.
75
What is the most important measure in preventing the spread of infections?
Hand hygiene is the most important measure in preventing the spread of infections. Healthcare workers should perform hand hygiene using soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after every patient contact.
76
What does Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) include?
PPE includes items such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection. The use of appropriate PPE is determined by the type of patient interaction and potential exposure to infectious materials.
77
What is respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette?
Patients with respiratory symptoms should cover their mouth and nose with a tissue or their elbow when coughing or sneezing. Healthcare workers should also adhere to respiratory hygiene when interacting with patients.
78
What are safe injection practices?
Safe injection practices involve using aseptic techniques, single-use needles and syringes, and avoiding the reuse of needles, syringes, or medication vials on multiple patients.
79
How should contaminated equipment and surfaces be handled?
Contaminated equipment and surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected appropriately using recommended disinfectants. Disposable items should be discarded properly.
80
What is the importance of environmental cleaning?
Routine cleaning and disinfection of patient care areas, equipment, and surfaces help prevent the transmission of infections.
81
What should be done for patients with respiratory symptoms or infectious illnesses?
Patients with respiratory symptoms or infectious illnesses should be placed in appropriate respiratory isolation rooms or areas, and respiratory hygiene practices should be followed.
82
What are the elements of a smart goal for patient care?
The elements of a smart goal for patient care are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
83
Provide an example of a smart goal for patient care.
An example of a smart goal for patient care: The patient will lower their LDL cholesterol level by 30% within six months.

Fundamentals of Nursing (NUSB 201) Final Exam Review (7 decks)

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