NUSB 201 Module 6 With Vocab

Question 1

How does blood leave the body?

Answer 1

The blood leaves the body using the arteries.

Question 2

What is the condition of arteries in a healthy body?

Answer 2

In a healthy body, the arteries have a clean lumen and can constrict and dilate to control blood pressure based on activity and stress level.

Question 3

What is hypertension?

Answer 3

Hypertension is a state of elevated blood pressure above 120/80.

Question 4

What happens to the heart in hypertension?

Answer 4

In hypertension, the heart has to work harder than normal to push the blood through narrowed or constricted arteries.

Question 5

What are modifiable risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 5

Modifiable risk factors include smoking, obesity, diet, dyslipidemia, alcohol, obstructive sleep apnea, and activity level.

Question 6

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 6

Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, race, sex, and family history.

Question 7

What are the consequences of persistent high blood pressure?

Answer 7

Persistent high blood pressure can lead to stroke, encephalopathy, elevated blood glucose, blindness, heart attack, heart failure, and renal failure.

Question 8

Which organs are affected by persistent high blood pressure?

Answer 8

Persistent high blood pressure can affect the brain, eye, heart, blood quality (sugar increase), and kidneys.

Question 9

What is a common impact of hypertension?

Answer 9

The development of arterial aneurysms.

Question 10

What is the most common cause of aneurysm?

Answer 10

Hypertension.

Question 11

How does high blood pressure affect arterial walls?

Answer 11

It weakens them, leading to thinning, bulging, and tearing.

Question 12

What is a tear or dissection of an artery?

Answer 12

An emergent situation that can lead to death.

Question 13

Can hypertension lead to heart failure?

Answer 13

Yes, hypertension can lead to heart failure. The heart is the essential pump needed to circulate the blood. When the pumping action of the heart fails, blood flow fails to move efficiently and effectively throughout the body.

Question 14

What is myocardial ischemia?

Answer 14

Myocardial ischemia, also known as cardiac ischemia, is a condition where the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen due to reduced blood flow.

This can happen when a coronary artery is partially or completely blocked, often by plaque buildup.

Question 15

What can prolonged myocardial ischemia lead to?

Answer 15

Prolonged myocardial ischemia can damage or even kill heart muscle cells, leading to a heart attack.

This condition is referred to as myocardial infarction.

Question 16

What are common symptoms of heart failure?

Answer 16

Patients with heart failure may experience symptoms of fatigue and shortness of breath.

Question 17

What happens to the heart when it has to work harder?

Answer 17

The heart has to work harder to pump, which can cause chest pain related to myocardial ischemia.

Question 18

What are the effects of increased workload on the body?

Answer 18

Fluid will back up noticeably in the lungs, the jugular veins, the abdomen, and the feet.

Question 19

What is a heart attack?

Answer 19

A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, is the death of heart muscle tissue due to prolonged ischemia.

Question 20

What is the significance of ischemia?

Answer 20

Ischemia is a warning sign that can lead to chest discomfort and may progress to myocardial infarction if not addressed.

Question 21

What is ascites in heart failure?

Answer 21

Swelling in the abdomen due to abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity caused by right heart failure.

Question 22

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 22

Fluid surrounding the lungs.

Question 23

What does raised jugular venous pressure indicate?

Answer 23

Increased pressure in the right atrium of the heart, often due to fluid overload or heart problems, observable by the height of pulsations in the internal jugular vein.

Question 24

What is edema?

Answer 24

Swelling that occurs when fluids get trapped in tissues, indicating worsening heart failure.

Question 25

What is chest pain in the context of heart failure?

Answer 25

Discomfort or pain felt anywhere along the front of the body between the neck and upper abdomen.

Question 26

What is hepatomegaly?

Answer 26

Enlarged liver due to blood congestion, causing a backup in the veins, known as congestive hepatopathy.

Question 27

What does tiredness indicate in heart failure?

Answer 27

Physical, mental, or emotional exhaustion impacting daily activities, not relieved by rest, often accompanied by slowed reflexes.

Question 28

What is shortness of breath in heart failure?

Answer 28

Characterized by the feeling of insufficient air reaching the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing, chest tightness, wheezing, rapid breathing, and changes in skin color. ## Footnote Also known as dyspnea.

Question 29

What is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 29

Cardiomyopathy is the disease of the heart muscle that interferes with the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. ## Footnote It is a broad term encompassing a range of conditions affecting the myocardium (heart muscle).

Question 30

What can cardiomyopathy cause?

Answer 30

Cardiomyopathy can cause the heart muscle to become enlarged, thickened, rigid, or replaced with scar tissue.

Question 31

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer 31

HCM is a genetic cardiomyopathy, not a nongenetic myopathy.

Question 32

What defines Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 32

HCM is defined as left ventricular hypertrophy not explained by other conditions like high blood pressure.

Question 33

What primarily causes Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 33

HCM is primarily caused by mutations in genes that encode sarcomere proteins.

Question 34

What are sarcomeres?

Answer 34

Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of muscle cells.

Question 35

How is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy inherited?

Answer 35

HCM is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

Question 36

What does autosomal dominant inheritance mean?

Answer 36

A single copy of the altered gene is enough to cause the disorder.

Question 37

What is the difference between familial and nonfamilial HCM?

Answer 37

Familial HCM is inherited, while nonfamilial HCM occurs in individuals with no family history.

Question 38

How do nonfamilial cases of HCM compare to familial cases?

Answer 38

Nonfamilial cases tend to be milder.

Question 39

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer 39

DCM is a mixed cardiomyopathy characterized by enlargement and stretching of the heart's chambers, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively.

Question 40

What are the causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer 40

DCM can be caused by inherited (genetic) factors and various non-genetic factors such as infections, toxins (like alcohol or certain medications), autoimmune diseases, and certain medical conditions.

Question 41

What does 'mixed cardiomyopathy' mean?

Answer 41

The term 'mixed cardiomyopathy' refers to the combination of genetic and non-genetic factors that can cause DCM.

Question 42

What are idiopathic cases of DCM?

Answer 42

In many cases, the specific cause of DCM remains unknown and is classified as 'idiopathic'.

Question 43

What is Acquired Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 43

Acquired cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that develops over time due to external factors, not inherited genetic mutations.

Question 44

What are some conditions that can lead to Acquired Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 44

Conditions include pregnancy, infection, stress, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy, diabetes and metabolic disorders, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, alcohol or drug abuse, thyroid disorders, and nutritional deficiencies.

Question 45

What is Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM)?

Answer 45

PPCM is a rare form of acquired cardiomyopathy that develops late in pregnancy or shortly after childbirth.

Question 46

How can infections lead to Acquired Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 46

Viral and bacterial infections can cause myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), which can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Question 47

What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Answer 47

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as broken heart syndrome, is a temporary condition triggered by extreme emotional or physical stress.

Question 48

What is the effect of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Answer 48

Vasoconstriction ## Footnote An effect of angiotensin II is vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II leads to the retention of water and sodium, not their depletion. The impact of angiotensin II is an increase in blood pressure, not a decrease.

Question 49

How should the nurse respond to a female patient with a family history of cardiovascular disease asking how to support her health?

Answer 49

Target a blood pressure reading less than 120/80 ## Footnote A blood pressure less than 120/80 is a healthy target to avoid the consequences of hypertension. The DASH diet advises avoiding red meat for heart health. Family history is nonmodifiable, but modifiable factors can support heart health. Stopping smoking has health benefits and should be encouraged.

Question 50

What condition does the nurse expect in the medical history of a 67-year-old male with acute pain associated with an acute aortic dissection?

Answer 50

Hypertension

Question 51

Which type of cardiomyopathy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 51

Genetic ## Footnote Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic cardiomyopathy, not a nongenetic myopathy.

Question 52

What type of cardiomyopathy is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 52

Mixed ## Footnote Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a mixed cardiomyopathy.

Question 53

What causes Acquired Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 53

It results from other conditions like pregnancy, infection, or stress.

Question 54

Which finding supports that a patient is experiencing left-sided heart failure?

Answer 54

Shortness of breath ## Footnote Shortness of breath is an indication of left-sided heart failure as fluid backs up into the lungs.

Question 55

What does Ascites indicate in heart failure?

Answer 55

It is a sign of right-sided heart failure.

Question 56

What does Pedal Edema indicate in heart failure?

Answer 56

It is a sign of right-sided heart failure due to fluid backing up into the tissues.

Question 57

What does Nocturia indicate in heart failure?

Answer 57

It is a sign of fluid overload with any type of heart failure.