Nutrition and feeds

Question 1

nutrient

Answer 1

substance that must be supplied in the diet of an animal to permit normal life processes

Question 2

nutrition

Answer 2

the science that deals with food/feed and the nutrients it contains

Question 3

diet

Answer 3

feed stuff or a mixture of feed stuff

Question 4

ration

Answer 4

daily allotment (amount of things in the diet) of the diet

Question 5

what is ad libitum (ad lid)

Answer 5

as much as desired to ones fill with out restriction

Question 6

what is As and DM

Answer 6

-as is as fed
-DM is dry matter

Question 7

what kind of requirements is nutrition specified on

Answer 7

DM basis

Question 8

how do you calculate the DM %

Answer 8

dry/wet x 100= DM

Question 9

what is the precent of DM in typical forage

Answer 9

silage 30-50
hays 85-90
grains 90

Question 10

how would you calculate the amount of DM a cow would need per day

Answer 10

-cow weight (1500 LBS) x 2.3% BW = (35.5 LBS) dry matter intake
-ex ration is 65% DM
-1500LBS/0.65=53.1LBS as feed

Question 11

what are the top 6 influences of forage quality (greatest to least)

Answer 11

-maturity at harvest
-crop species
-harvest and storage
-environment
-soil fertility
-variety

Question 12

what are some factors that can come intoplay when determining if a feed is good

Answer 12

-what animal is this going to
-based on the quality what quantity do we feed
-can we improve the quality
-are we blending this with other ingredients
-

Question 13

can you assess a forage based on one nutrient

Answer 13

no

Question 14

what are nutrients

Answer 14

-energy
-protein
-fatty acids
-minerals
-vitamins
-water

Question 15

where does energy come from

Answer 15

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Question 16

where do proteins come form

Answer 16

nitrogen containing feed
true protein vs non-protein nitrogen

Question 17

what is the macro-minerals and micro-minerals

Answer 17

-macro (% of DM)
-micro (ppm)

Question 18

what are nutrients required for

Answer 18

maintenance or production

Question 19

what do we feed for

Answer 19

-body maintenance and repair
-mobility
-warmth (10-30% inc)
-pregnancy and lactation
-growth (10-20% inc for bred heifers)

Question 20

what is the main objective of an intermediary metabolism

Answer 20

to maintain a steady supply of ATP

Question 21

how is ATP obtained

Answer 21

by oxidizing metabolic fuels

Question 22

what is energy

Answer 22

the potential to preform work
(body functions to keep animal alive, production: growth, lactation, etc)

Question 23

how is energy released

Answer 23

form the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 24

where is energy not obtained form

Answer 24

-water, vitamins, or minerals

Question 25

what is a calorie

Answer 25

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree c

Question 26

1kilocalorie=?calories

Answer 26

1000

Question 27

1cal=? joules

Answer 27

4.186J

Question 28

what are some sources of energy loss

Answer 28

feces, urine, gas, and heat loss

Question 29

what in the diet is requires in the larges amounts

Answer 29

energy usually most limiting nutrient in ration most costly to supply

Question 30

explain the energy flow diagram

Answer 30

-gross energy fecal e loss (30%) -digestible energy gas(5%) urinary(5%) energy loss -metabolizable energy heat increments (20%)fermentation and nutrient metabolism -net energy

Question 31

what does net energy go toward

Answer 31

maintenance production lactation

Question 32

what are carbohydrates composed of

Answer 32

C,H,O

Question 33

what are the most abundant compounds found in nature

Answer 33

cellulaose: 80-100 billion tons annually

Question 34

what is the main organic compound found in feeds

Answer 34

carbohydrates

Question 35

how much of livestock feed is represented by carbohydrates

Answer 35

50-75%

Question 36

what is a monosaccharide

Answer 36

simple sugar

Question 37

what is a oligiosaccharide

Answer 37

any CHO with 3-10 monosaccharide unites

Question 38

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 38

contian thousand of monosaccharide units

Question 39

what is a primary source os energy in livestock diets

Answer 39

sugar, starch, fibre

Question 40

what are the predominant sources of carbohydrates for monogastrics

Answer 40

starch (amylose and amylopectin) found in cereal grains

Question 41

what is the predominant source of carbohydrates for ruminants

Answer 41

fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) found in hays, silage and straw

Question 42

what are grins high in

Answer 42

starches (not fiber)

Question 43

what are important structural carbohydrates

Answer 43

hemicellulose, lignin, pectin

Question 44

what is cellulose

Answer 44

-important structural component of the cell wall of plants -unbranched chains made of glucose -monogastrics (non digestible) -ruminants (broken down in rumen by bacterial enzyme(cellulases))

Question 45

what is hemicellulose

Answer 45

-shorter chains than cellulose, comprised of many sugars -branched chain -impact on voluntary feed intake (slower for rumen to digest)

Question 46

what is lignin

Answer 46

-major structural component (stem, leaves, husk) -negative impact on cellulose digestibility

Question 47

what is pectin

Answer 47

-intercellular (cellular glue) -easily degrades in rumen

Question 48

what is an important non structral carbohydrate

Answer 48

starch

Question 49

what is starch

Answer 49

-it is produced by plant for energy storage -intracellular (within cells) -readily available in rumen

Question 50

what are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 50

-supply energy -anti-ketogenic -protein sparing -bulk -structural components (riboflavin, RNA) -improve platability

Question 51

why do live stock eat

Answer 51

to meet energy needs

Question 52

how much dry matter does a cow need to eat

Answer 52

1.75-2.5% of her body weight

Question 53

what can reduce the amount a cow will eat

Answer 53

-forage quality -neutral detergent fiber (impacts animal intake due to plant maturity) -acid detergent fiber (least digestible portion of plant, reflects digestibility, legumes less then grasses)

Question 54

what can increase a cows intake

Answer 54

better quality=better intake

Question 55

what factors effect protein requirements

Answer 55

-age -BW -level of production ig milk production, pregnancy

Question 56

what plants are proteins higher in

Answer 56

usually greater in legumes compared to grasses

Question 57

why does the concentration of protein decrease as plant matures

Answer 57

plant keeps growing and accumulation of fiber and starch

Question 58

what are dietary proteins needed for

Answer 58

to supply the amino acids necessary to build muscle tissue

Question 59

what elements are found in dietary proteins

Answer 59

-contain N -other elements include C,H,O,S

Question 60

what are dietary proteins found in monogastric diets

Answer 60

-oil seed and pulse meal (soy, conola, sunflower meal) -pulse/legume grain (peas, lentils) -animal by-products (meat, fish, blood meal)

Question 61

what are dietary proteins found in ruminant diets

Answer 61

legumes, grains, DDC, urea

Question 62

what is crude protein

Answer 62

-analyzes the N content of the feed -assume protein =16%N -protein content =6.25

Question 63

what does the N content range of individual amino acids

Answer 63

13-19

Question 64

what are factors that determine protein quality

Answer 64

-amino acid balance -digestibility

Question 65

what are the essental amino acids

Answer 65

PVT TIM HALL arginine histidine isoleusine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine

Question 66

what are the most limiting amino acids

Answer 66

-lysine -methionine -threonine -tryptophan

Question 67

why is it important for delivery of every amino acid

Answer 67

-growth of new tissue -repair of old tissue -strength -enzymes -hormones -antibodies

Question 68

what are non protein nitrogens

Answer 68

-for ruminants only -source of N for microbial growth -urea, ammonia, nucleic acids -bacteria NPN and carbohydrates to synthesis amino acids