Nutrition/Metabolism

Question 1

RER calculation

Answer 1

RER= 70 x BW^0.75

Question 2

Which is more reflective of the true nutritional content of a diet: guaranteed analysis or typical analysis

Answer 2

Typical analysis

Question 3

Which of the following is not an essential amino acid in dogs and cats:
A) Methionine
B) Arginine
C) Glutamic acid
D) Histidine

Answer 3

C) glutamic acid

Question 4

Name one amino acid which is essential in cats but not dogs

Answer 4

Taurine

Question 5

Fatty acid which is essential in cats but not dogs

Answer 5

Arachidonic acid

Question 6

Essential fatty acid in dogs and cats

Answer 6

Linoleic acid

Question 7

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential in cats but not dogs?

Answer 7

Vitamin A

Question 8

Which water-soluble vitamin do cats have a very high requirement for compared to dogs?

Answer 8

Thiamine (B1)

Question 9

Why is arginine important for metabolism?

Answer 9

Required for the urea cycle

Question 10

Protein requirement for adult cats (g/1000kcal)

Answer 10

65

Question 11

Protein requirement for adult dog (g/1000kcal)

Answer 11

45

Question 12

End product of glycolysis

Answer 12

Pyruvate

Question 13

Mechanism used to generate ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

Chemiosmotic mechanism

Question 14

Where is the majority of lactate produced under anaerobic conditions?

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

Alternative pathway for glucose breakdown

Answer 15

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 16

Substrates used to form glucose during gluconeogenesis (2)

Answer 16

Glycerol (from fats) and amino acids

Question 17

Predominant lipid present in plasma following a meal

Answer 17

Chylomicrons

Question 18

4 major types of lipoproteins

Answer 18

VLDL (high conc triglycerides)
IDLs
LDLs (all triglycerides removed)
HDLs (high conc of protein)

Question 19

Where does beta-oxidation occur?

Answer 19

Mitochondria

Question 20

What is the end product of beta-oxidation?

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA (which can enter the TCA or combine to form ketone bodies)

Question 21

Name 3 ketone bodies

Answer 21

Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

Question 22

Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA results in formation of _____

Answer 22

Malonyl-CoA (involved in synthesis of triglycerides from carbs)

Question 23

Stimuli for lipolysis (2)

Answer 23

Sympathetic
ACTH/glucocorticoids

Question 24

Anorexigenic neurons in the hypothalamus

Answer 24

POMC-CART

Question 25

Orexigenic neurons (2) in the hypothalamus

Answer 25

NPY AGRP

Question 26

Hormones produced by the GIT involved in appetite regulation (4)

Answer 26

Ghrelin CCK GLP-1 Peptide YY

Question 27

GIT hormones involved in suppressing appetite

Answer 27

CCK Neuropeptide YY GLP-1

Question 28

GIT hormone involved in promoting appetite

Answer 28

Ghrelin

Question 29

Mechanism of action of capromorelin

Answer 29

Ghrelin agonist (appetite stimulant)

Question 30

Effect of leptin on appetite

Answer 30

Inhibits appetite by stimulating POMC-CART neurons

Question 31

Mechanism of action of mirtazapine as appetite stimulant

Answer 31

Alpha-2 receptor inhibitor (NE accumulation)

Question 32

Mechanism of action of cyproheptadine as appetite stimulant

Answer 32

5-HT2 receptor antagonist

Question 33

Whole body depletion of what three electrolytes occurs during starvation

Answer 33

Phosphorous Potassium Magnesium

Question 34

Two B vitamins which are commonly depleted during starvation

Answer 34

B1 (thiamine) B12 (cobalamin)

Question 35

Effects of taurine deficiency in cats (3)

Answer 35

Retinal degeneration DCM Deafness Reproductive effects

Question 36

Name 3 effects of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 36

Xerophthalmia Cataracts Cleft palate formation

Question 37

Osseocartilaginous hyperplasia of the cervical vertebrae in a kitten is indicative of excess of which vitamin?

Answer 37

Vitamin A

Question 38

Excess of which amino acid can result in hemolytic anemia secondary to oxidative damage?

Answer 38

Methionine

Question 39

Effect of excessive calcium supplementation in growing large breed puppies

Answer 39

Osteochondrosis, panosteitis (inhibition of boney remodeling)

Question 40

Which of the following is not a cause of secondary hyperlipidemia: A) Diabetes mellitus B) CKD C) Hepatic lipidosis D) Glucocorticoids

Answer 40

B

Question 41

Fasting lipemia is the result of elevation of ____ in plasma

Answer 41

VLDLs

Question 42

Name 3 clinical consequences of hyperlipidemia

Answer 42

Pancreatitis Gallbladder mucocele Seizures/ischemic strokes Ocular changes (e.g., lipid keratopathy) Insulin resistance Proteinuria/glomerular injury

Question 43

Mainstay of treatment for familial hyperlipidemia

Answer 43

Low-fat diet

Question 44

What is the difference between cachexia and sarcopenia?

Answer 44

Cachexia= muscle loss due to chronic disease Sarcopenia= normal age-related muscle loss

Question 45

Protein responsible for transport of iron out of enterocytes

Answer 45

Ferroportin (inhibited by hepcidin)

Question 46

Electron donor for oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 46

NADH

Question 47

Deficiency in the ornithine cycle leads to elevation of which waste product

Answer 47

Ammonia