Neurology

Question 1

Name 3 differentials for cervical ventroflexion in cats

Answer 1

Hypokalemia
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
Hyperthyroidism
Polymyositis
Organophosphate toxicity

Question 2

Clinical exam findings with Horner’s syndrome

Answer 2

Ptosis
Enophthalmos
Miosis
Elevation of third eyelid

Question 3

Confirmatory test for diagnosis of rabies

Answer 3

IFA on brainstem

Question 4

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

Answer 4

3, 7, 9, 10

Question 5

Name one chemotherapeutic which can cause a polyneuropathy

Answer 5

Vincristine (also cisplatin)

Question 6

Mechanism of action of cytarabine

Answer 6

Antimetabolite chemotherapeutic (incorporates into DNA, inhibiting synthesis during S-phase)

Question 7

What does phenobarbital decrease the effect of?

Answer 7

Prednisone/steroids

Question 8

Regarding discospondylitis, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
A) Affects the cervical spine most commonly
B) Affects dogs & cats
C) Affects multiple sites
D) Can be associated with meningitis

Answer 8

A (affects LS most commonly)

Question 9

Most common route of Clostridium tetani infection

Answer 9

Penetrating wound

Question 10

Which of the following tests would be most specific for diagnosis of T. gondii in a cat with neurological signs?
A) Oocysts in feces
B) IgM >1:64 in CSF
C) IgG >1:64 in serum
D) Blood culture

Answer 10

B

Question 11

What is the most common infectious cause of discospondylitis?

Answer 11

Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp (Staph pseud or aureus)

Question 12

Which virus causes cerebellar hypoplasia in cats (when infected in-utero)

Answer 12

Feline parvovirus

Question 13

Structure responsible for absorption of CSF

Answer 13

Arachnoid villi

Question 14

Structure which produces CSF

Answer 14

Choroid plexus

Question 15

Oral treatment for myasthenia gravis

Answer 15

Pyridostigmine

Question 16

Dog circling to the left with right-sided proprioceptive deficits. Localize the lesion

Answer 16

Left cerebrothalamus

Question 17

What % of animals that have cerebrovascular accidents are hypertensive?

Answer 17

30%

Question 18

Patient with dropped jaw but otherwise normal neurological exam. Which nerve is affected?

Answer 18

Trigeminal nerve- mandibular branch

Question 19

Bulldog with episodic head tremors which can be stopped by feeding. Diagnosis?

Answer 19

Idiopathic head tremor syndrome

Question 20

Most sensitive diagnostic for chronic masticatory myositis

Answer 20

2M antibodies

Question 21

Young boxer with neck pain and suspected SRMA. Neutrophilic pleocytosis on CSF. What test can be used to support the diagnosis?

Answer 21

CSF IgA levels

Question 22

A young dog presents with acute-onset mydriasis, urine dribbling, ataxia, hypothermia. Most likely cause?

Answer 22

THC toxicity

Question 23

Mechanism of action of botulism toxin

Answer 23

Inhibition of Ach release from presynaptic nerve terminal

Question 24

What is contraindicated in the management of head trauma?

Answer 24

Glucocorticoids

Question 25

What does cranial nerve 3 innervate?

Answer 25

Pupillary sphincter Extraocular muscles (ventral oblique, dorsal/medial/ventral rectus) Levator palpebrae

Question 26

What triggers release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane?

Answer 26

Influx of Ca2+

Question 27

Mechanism of action of tetanus toxin

Answer 27

Inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)

Question 28

What type of cholinergic receptors are present on the heart?

Answer 28

M2

Question 29

What type of cholinergic receptors are present in the bladder and GI smooth muscle?

Answer 29

M3

Question 30

How does hyperkalemia affect nerve excitability?

Answer 30

Increases excitability

Question 31

Mechanism of action of strychnine toxicity

Answer 31

Blocks release of glycine (inhibitory NT) in the brain and spinal cord

Question 32

Mechanism of action of bromethalin toxicity

Answer 32

Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to edema formation

Question 33

Mechanism of action of Bracken fern toxicity

Answer 33

Thiaminase

Question 34

Mechanism of action of pyrethrins

Answer 34

Prolongs Na+ influx, slows K+ efflux

Question 35

Mechanism of action of organophosphate toxicity

Answer 35

Irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase

Question 36

Which of the follow antibiotics does not cross the BBB: A) Doxycycline B) Fluoroquinolones C) Sulfonamides D) Clindamycin

Answer 36

D) Clindamycin

Question 37

Which of the following chemotherapeutics does not cross the BBB: A) Temozolomide B) CCNU C) Doxorubicin D) Hydroxyurea

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Most common vessel for CVA in dogs

Answer 38

Rostral cerebellar artery

Question 39

Most common primary brain tumor in dogs and cats

Answer 39

Meningioma

Question 40

Most common secondary brain tumor in dogs

Answer 40

Hemangiosarcoma

Question 41

Most common secondary brain tumor in cats

Answer 41

Lymphoma

Question 42

Treatment for dog that presents with acute obtundation, bradycardia, hypertension, miotic pupils

Answer 42

Hypertonic saline or mannitol

Question 43

% of paraplegic DPP dogs with IVDD that will return to normal neurologic function with medical management

Answer 43

60%

Question 44

% of paraplegic deep pain negative dogs with IVDE that will return to normal neurological function with surgical decompression

Answer 44

60%

Question 45

3y Miniature Schnauzer presenting with peracute onset non-ambulatory paraparesis (worse on the left), non painful on spinal palpation. Most likely diagnosis?

Answer 45

FCEM

Question 46

What type of hypersensitivity is involved in IMPA?

Answer 46

Type III

Question 47

Which of the following is not associated with a polymyopathy: A) Hypothyroidism B) Neosporosis C) Diabetes mellitus D) Cushing's disease

Answer 47

C

Question 48

Tick species (2) associated with tick paralysis

Answer 48

Dermacentor Ixodes

Question 49

Snake associated with elapid snake envenomation in North America

Answer 49

Coral snakes (Eastern and Texas)

Question 50

Dog with unilateral Horner's. 1% phenylephrine is applied to the affected eye, resulting in pupillary dilation in 30 minutes. Where is the lesion located?

Answer 50

2nd order (pre-ganglionic)

Question 51

Dog with suspected MMM treated with prednisone. Next step?

Answer 51

Muscle biopsy (I guess?)

Question 52

Spinal cord segments which innervate the phrenic nerve

Answer 52

C5, C6, C7

Question 53

Penitrem A, roquefortine, verruculogen, and aflatrem are all examples of

Answer 53

Tremorgenic mycotoxins

Question 54

Metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for neurological signs

Answer 54

Glycoaldehyde

Question 55

Antidote for ingestion of amitraz flea collar

Answer 55

Atipamezole

Question 56

Chelation therapy for mercury toxicity

Answer 56

Dimercaprol, succimer, or D-penicillamine