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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the treatment for Oslerus osleri?

A

Fenbendazole and ivermectin

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2
Q

Puppy with respiratory signs and nodules seen in the trachea on radiographs. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Oslerus osleri

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3
Q

Which of the following would not respond to oxygen supplementation?
A) Asthma
B) Tracheal collapse
C) PDA with right to left shunt
D) Left-sided CHF

A

C

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4
Q

Formula for calculation of anion gap. What is the normal anion gap?

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
Normally 18-24mEq/L

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5
Q

Response to local hypoxia in the alveoli

A

Vasoconstriction

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6
Q

Provide 2 differentials for eosinophilic inflammation on BAL of a cat

A

Asthma
Parasites (e.g., A. abstrusus, Trogostrongylus spp)

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7
Q

What is the definition of functional residual capacity?

A

Volume in the lungs remaining at the end of normal expiration

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8
Q

Which of the following would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
A) Decreased temperature
B) Increased pCO2
C) Decreased 2,3-DPG
D) Carbon monoxide

A

B

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9
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Increasing pCO2 results in a right shift of the O2-Hb dissociation curve

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10
Q

Which form of CO2 in the blood accounts for the majority of CO2?

A

HCO3

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11
Q

Which form of O2 in the blood accounts for the majority of O2?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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12
Q

Where is the majority of the body’s iron?

A

Hemoglobin (~70%)

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13
Q

What type of acid-base disturbance is occurring: low pH, low HCO3, high pCO2

A

Mixed respiratory/metabolic acidosis

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14
Q

Formula for functional residual capacity

A

ERV + RV

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15
Q

Hormones inactivated by the lung (3)

A

Bradykinin
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Prostaglandins

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16
Q

Where is airway resistance the highest?

A

Medium-sized bronchi

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17
Q

What does hypoventilation compensate for?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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18
Q

Causes of hypoxia (4)

A
  1. Low pO2 in arterial blood
  2. Reduced O2 carrying ability
  3. Reduced tissue blood glow
  4. Toxic substances which interfere with tissue’s ability to utilize O2 (e.g., cyanide)
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19
Q

Causes of hypoxemia (4)

A

Shunt
Hypoventilation
Diffusion limitation
VQ mismatch

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20
Q

What causes an increased anion gap?

A

Gain of unmeasured acids (cations)

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21
Q

What causes the highest V/Q mismatch?

A

PTE

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22
Q

Mechanism of action of carbon monoxide

A

Binds to hemoglobin more strongly than O2, thus displacing O2 and limiting O2 carrying capacity of blood

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23
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

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24
Q

According to Poiseulle’s law, which parameter has the greatest effect on resistance to flow?

A

Radius (resistance is directly proportional to r^4)

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25
Stimuli for peripheral chemoreceptors
pH/pCO2 pO2
26
Stimuli for central chemoreceptors
pH/pCO2
27
Which drug class is contraindicated with concurrent theophylline use?
Fluoroquinolones
28
Most common bacterial organism associated with pyothorax in cats
Pasteurella multocida
29
Clinical sign associated with bronchial collapse
Expiratory dyspnea (due to collapse during expiration)
30
Treatment for sinonasal aspergillosis
Debridement of plaques followed by clotrimazole infusion (topical)
31
Hunting dog presents with dyspnea, fever, lethargy. Pleural effusion cytology reveals G+ branching filamentous non acid-fast staining bacteria. What's the most likely etiology?
Actinomyces
32
Mechanism of action of theophylline
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, adenosine antagonism, improved mucociliary clearance
33
Definitive test for PTE
CT-angiography
34
Immunoglobulin found in the upper airway
IgA
35
Gram positive, branching, partial acid-fast positive organism found in pyothorax
Nocardia
36
Which portion of the airway (conducting or respiratory) accounts for the majority of lung volume?
Respiratory
37
How does inspired air flow in the conducting airways?
Bulk flow
38
Vital capacity
Maximal inspiration and expiration
39
Residual volume
Volume remaining in the lung following maximal expiration
40
Alveolar ventilation
Amount of fresh inspired air available for gas exchange
41
Which portion of the lung is better ventilated?
Lower
42
Fick's law of diffusion
Diffusion is proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to thickness
43
Mean pressure within the main pulmonary artery
15mmHg
44
Increases in pulmonary arterial or venous pressure cause a fall in vascular resistance via which 2 mechanisms
Recruitment Distension
45
Zone two of pulmonary blood flow
Pa > PA > Pv
46
Zone three of pulmonary blood flow
Pa > Pv > PA
47
Endothelium-derived vasoactive substances which play a role in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (2)
Endothelin-1 TXA2
48
Normal A-a gradient
10-15mmHg
49
Haldane effect
Lower Hb-O2 saturation leads to larger CO2 concentration for given pCO2
50
Which intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration?
External intercostals
51
What is hysteresis
Lung volume at a pressure during deflation is larger than during inflation
52
Which of the following is not a function of surfactant: A) Increased compliance B) Keeps the alveoli dry C) Reduces compliance D) Improves stability of the alveoli
C
53
Where are the respiratory centers located?
Pons and medulla
54
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Ventral surface of the medulla
55
For a given rise in pCO2, the pH of CSF decreases (more/less) compared to plasma
More
56
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Carotid and aortic bodies
57
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
Distension of lung leads to slowly of respiratory frequency and increased expiratory time (mediated by pulmonary stretch receptors)
58
Where are pulmonary J receptors located?
Alveoli (supplied by pulmonary circulation)
59
What is the most important stimulus for ventilation under normal circumstances?
Arterial pCO2
60
SPO2 of 90% equates to what pO2?
60mmHg
61
How does pO2 related to FiO2 in healthy animals?
pO2= 5 x FiO2
62
How is PAO2 calculated at sea level?
PAO2= 150mmHg - (PaCO2/0.8)
63
Normal A-a gradient
10-15mmHg
64
Causes of increased A-a gradient (3)
V/Q mismatch Shunt Impaired diffusion
65
Cheyne Stokes breathing
Gradual increase and decrease in depth of breathing, followed by pause
66
Biot/ataxic breathing
Episodes of deep breathing followed by a pause
67
Kussmaul's breathing
Rapid and deep breathing, associated with DKA/metabolic acidosis
68
Apneustic breathing
Prolonged inspiration and breath hold, followed by rapid exhalation and prolonged expiratory pause
69
Mechanism of action of terbutaline
B2 agonist
70
Mechanism of action of albuterol
B2 agonist
71
What % of dogs/cats with nasal discharge have nasal neoplasia
33% of dogs, 40% of cats
72
What % of nasal neoplasms are malignant
80-90%
73
Most common type of nasal tumor in dogs
Adenocarcinoma (66%)
74
Endocrinopathies associated with acquired laryngeal paralysis (2)
Hypothyroidism Hypoadrenocorticism
75
Drug used to increase respiratory depth during laryngeal exam
Doxapram
76
Major complication associated with unilateral arytenoid lateralization
Aspiration pneumonia (occurs in 10-21% of cases)
77
Which phase of respiration does dynamic intrathoracic tracheal collapse occur?
Expiration
78
Indications for tracheal stent placement
Severely affected dogs with clinical signs caused by dynamic tracheal obstruction
79
CIRDC bacteria most commonly associated with pneumonia (2)
B bronchiseptica Step equi ssp zooepidemicus
80
Older lab presents with chronic (>2 months) deep cough with terminal retch. Radiographs show generalized bronchial pattern. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Chronic bronchitis
81
Mainstay of treatment for chronic bronchitis
Corticosteroids (oral or inhaled)
82
Breed predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Huskies, Malamutes
83
Which disease is associated with Kartagener's syndrome?
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
84
Right middle lung lobe atelectasis is associated with which airway disease in cats?
Asthma
85
Intermediate host for Paragonimus kellicotti
Crayfish
86
Most common forms of influenza in dogs
H3N2 and H3N8
87
Saprophytic opportunistic cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised dogs
Pneumocystis carinii
88
Sequela of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
89
Dog breeds overrepresented with lung lobe torsion
Pugs and sighthounds
90
Which lung lobe is most commonly involved in lung lobe torsion in pugs?
Left cranial
91
Most common cause of pleural effusion in cats
L-sided CHF
92
3 common causes of pneumomediastinum
Intubation Cervical trauma Tracheal foreign body
93
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with thymoma
Myasthenia gravis (incl megaesophagus)
94
Most common primary lung tumor in dogs
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
95
Most common primary lung tumor in cats
Adenocarcinoma
96
Lung-digit syndrome
Metastasis of pulmonary neoplasia to the digits in cats
97
Most common cause of acquired pneumonia in cats
Mycoplasma spp
98
How many times stronger is the affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin compared to oxygen?
240x

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